Distribution of dissolved CO2 in the Red Sea and correlations with other geochemical tracers

The concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Red Sea was studied using the following model:TCO2 = TCO2o + ΔTCO2bio + ΔTCO2ant. The conservative part TCO2o was correlated with the potential temperature T. The term ΔTCO2bio represents the exchanges with the marine biosphere and was expressed in the form aΔX + bΔY with X = O2, NO3, PO4 and Y = TA, Ca. The term ΔTCO2ant represents the excess of TCO2 due to the penetration of human induced CO2 in the ocean, which was expressed in the form co exp(−(z − zo)/H). As a result of the study, the contribution of each of the three identified signals was evaluated and the ratio C/O/N/P for the Red Sea basin was determined

Anthropogenic CO₂ Inventory of the Indian Ocean

This study presents basin-wide anthropogenic CO2 inventory estimates for the Indian Ocean based on measurements from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment/Joint Global Ocean Flux Study global survey. These estimates employed slightly modified ΔC* and time series techniques originally proposed by Gruber et al. [1996] and Wallace [1995], respectively. Together, the two methods yield the total oceanic anthropogenic CO2 and the carbon increase over the past 2 decades. The highest concentrations and the deepest penetrations of anthropogenic carbon are associated with the Subtropical Convergence at around 30° to 40°S. With both techniques, the lowest anthropogenic CO2 column inventories are observed south of 50°S. The total anthropogenic CO2 inventory north of 35°S was 13.6±2 Pg C in 1995. The inventory increase since GEOSECS (Geochemical Ocean Sections Program) was 4.1±1 Pg C for the same area. Approximately 6.7±1 Pg C are stored in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, giving a total Indian Ocean inventory of 20.3 ±3 Pg C for 1995. These estimates are compared to anthropogenic CO2 inventories estimated by the Princeton ocean biogeochemistry model. The model predicts an Indian Ocean sink north of 35°S that is only 0.61–0.68 times the results presented here; while the Southern Ocean sink is nearly 2.6 times higher than the measurement-based estimate. These results clearly identify areas in the models that need further examination and provide a good baseline for future studies of the anthropogenic inventory

Libertarian economic thought and non-capitalist money: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) and Silvio Gesell (1862-1930): a “Monetary Analysis Socialism”?

LEFMI Working Paper Series #3In this paper, I study the relation between the economic thought of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and his claimed heir Silvio Gesell. I argue that their socialism can be described as a « Monetary Analysis Socialism »: both authors place the monetary institution at the very heart of their economic analysis and consider a profound transformation of the rules that govern that institution as a necessary preliminary to the advent of socialism. Their efforts to conceive non-capitalist monetary systems aren't, I argue, a fortuitous trait of libertarian thought : the will to think a coordination for individual action that does not involve central coordination makes the monetary system a central object for libertarian political thought, and the design of this institution a crucial political issue

Libertarian economic thought and non-capitalist money: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) and Silvio Gesell (1862-1930): a “Monetary Analysis Socialism”?

LEFMI Working Paper Series #3In this paper, I study the relation between the economic thought of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and his claimed heir Silvio Gesell. I argue that their socialism can be described as a « Monetary Analysis Socialism »: both authors place the monetary institution at the very heart of their economic analysis and consider a profound transformation of the rules that govern that institution as a necessary preliminary to the advent of socialism. Their efforts to conceive non-capitalist monetary systems aren't, I argue, a fortuitous trait of libertarian thought : the will to think a coordination for individual action that does not involve central coordination makes the monetary system a central object for libertarian political thought, and the design of this institution a crucial political issue

Les systèmes de crédit mutuel, remède anti-crise ou dispositif monétaire anticapitaliste ? De la Banque du Peuple de Proudhon à la Banque WIR : échanger sans accumuler ?: LEFMI Working Paper Series #2

Created in 1934, the WIR Bank sought to bring a monetary answer to the economic disorders of its time : its founder, Werner Zimmermann, like his inspirer Silvio Gesell, saw the transformation of the monetary institution both as a remedy to te crisis and a crucial political battleground to fight capitalism. In that, they follow P.-J. Proudhon, whose People’s Bank pursued the same goals. Both projects rest on the condemnation of the misusage of money for private accumulation : Proudhon, Gesell and Zimmermann thus outline the image of a monetary system returned to serving the exchanges and social relations.Créée en 1934, la Banque WIR tentait d'apporter une réponse monétaire aux désordres économiques de son époque: son fondateur, Werner Zimmermann, comme son inspirateur Silvio Gesell, regardaient la transformation de l'institution monétaire tant comme un recours face à la crise, que comme le champ de lutte politique décisif face au capitalisme. Ils suivent en celà P.-J. Proudhon, dont la Banque du Peuple poursuivait les mêmes objectifs. Ces deux projets reposent sur la condamnation du dévoiement de la monnaie pour l'accumulation privée : Proudhon, Gesell et Zimmermann dessinent ainsi l'image d'une monnaie remise au service des échanges et de la société

Libertarian economic thought and non-capitalist money: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) and Silvio Gesell (1862-1930): a “Monetary Analysis Socialism”?: LEFMI Working Paper Series #3

In this paper, I study the relation between the economic thought of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and his claimed heir Silvio Gesell. I argue that their socialism can be described as a « Monetary Analysis Socialism »: both authors place the monetary institution at the very heart of their economic analysis and consider a profound transformation of the rules that govern that institution as a necessary preliminary to the advent of socialism. Their efforts to conceive non-capitalist monetary systems aren't, I argue, a fortuitous trait of libertarian thought : the will to think a coordination for individual action that does not involve central coordination makes the monetary system a central object for libertarian political thought, and the design of this institution a crucial political issue

Les systèmes de crédit mutuel, remède anti-crise ou dispositif monétaire anticapitaliste ? De la Banque du Peuple de Proudhon à la Banque WIR : échanger sans accumuler ?: LEFMI Working Paper Series #2

Created in 1934, the WIR Bank sought to bring a monetary answer to the economic disorders of its time : its founder, Werner Zimmermann, like his inspirer Silvio Gesell, saw the transformation of the monetary institution both as a remedy to te crisis and a crucial political battleground to fight capitalism. In that, they follow P.-J. Proudhon, whose People’s Bank pursued the same goals. Both projects rest on the condemnation of the misusage of money for private accumulation : Proudhon, Gesell and Zimmermann thus outline the image of a monetary system returned to serving the exchanges and social relations.Créée en 1934, la Banque WIR tentait d'apporter une réponse monétaire aux désordres économiques de son époque: son fondateur, Werner Zimmermann, comme son inspirateur Silvio Gesell, regardaient la transformation de l'institution monétaire tant comme un recours face à la crise, que comme le champ de lutte politique décisif face au capitalisme. Ils suivent en celà P.-J. Proudhon, dont la Banque du Peuple poursuivait les mêmes objectifs. Ces deux projets reposent sur la condamnation du dévoiement de la monnaie pour l'accumulation privée : Proudhon, Gesell et Zimmermann dessinent ainsi l'image d'une monnaie remise au service des échanges et de la société

Les systèmes de crédit mutuel, remède anti-crise ou dispositif monétaire anticapitaliste ? De la Banque du Peuple de Proudhon à la Banque WIR : échanger sans accumuler ?: LEFMI Working Paper Series #2

Created in 1934, the WIR Bank sought to bring a monetary answer to the economic disorders of its time : its founder, Werner Zimmermann, like his inspirer Silvio Gesell, saw the transformation of the monetary institution both as a remedy to te crisis and a crucial political battleground to fight capitalism. In that, they follow P.-J. Proudhon, whose People’s Bank pursued the same goals. Both projects rest on the condemnation of the misusage of money for private accumulation : Proudhon, Gesell and Zimmermann thus outline the image of a monetary system returned to serving the exchanges and social relations.Créée en 1934, la Banque WIR tentait d'apporter une réponse monétaire aux désordres économiques de son époque: son fondateur, Werner Zimmermann, comme son inspirateur Silvio Gesell, regardaient la transformation de l'institution monétaire tant comme un recours face à la crise, que comme le champ de lutte politique décisif face au capitalisme. Ils suivent en celà P.-J. Proudhon, dont la Banque du Peuple poursuivait les mêmes objectifs. Ces deux projets reposent sur la condamnation du dévoiement de la monnaie pour l'accumulation privée : Proudhon, Gesell et Zimmermann dessinent ainsi l'image d'une monnaie remise au service des échanges et de la société