The Effect of Religious Orientation, History of Sexual Trauma, and Typology on Spiritual Well-Being and Interpersonal Behavior Among Adult Male Child Molesters

The study measured the effect of religious orientation, typology, and history of sexual trauma on assertiveness, aggressiveness, and spiritual well being for child molesters. The sample consisted of SS child molesters from outpatient and inpatient programs in Oregon. The subjects ranged in age from 19 to 72. The subjects completed the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, the Interpersonal Behavior survey, and an Information survey. The scores on the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, the General Aggressiveness Rational scale and General Assertiveness Rational scale of the Interpersonal Behavior survey were the dependent variables. A 3-Way ANOVA via regression approach with a 2x2x2 design was conducted for each of the three dependent variables. A 3-Way ANOVA via regression approach was conducted for each of the subscales of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, Religious Well-Being and Existential Well-Being. Main effects were found on Spiritual Well-Being for religious orientation, typology, and history of sexual trauma. A main effect was detected on Religious Well-Being for religious orientation and an interaction effect for religious orientation and history of sexual trauma. A main effect on Existential Well-Being for typology and history of sexual trauma was found. There was an interaction effect for typology, history of sexual trauma, and religious orientation on Existential Well-Being. There were no main or interaction effects found for aggressiveness or assertiveness. Christian, regressed molesters without a history of sexual trauma scored significantly higher on spiritual well-being than other molesters. Christian molesters had significantly higher religious wellbeing than non-Christian molesters. Sexual trauma history lowered religious well-being for non-Christians. Regressed offenders scored higher on existential well-being than the fixated offenders. Christian, regressed offenders without sexual trauma history scored the highest on existential well-being. Christian, fixated offenders without sexual trauma history scored higher on existential well-being than the other fixated groups. The groups which scored high on existential well-being are considered to have a higher perceived sense of satisfaction and purpose in life

Interest in Police Patrol Careers: An Assessment of Potential Candidates\u27 Impressions of the Police Recruitment, Selection, and Training Processes

Both criminal justice researchers and practitioners have suspected that generational preferences and the nature of police patrol work have acted as dual forces leading potential police recruits away from police careers, resulting in large numbers of unfilled police positions. This challenge is exacerbated by accelerating retirements and expanding police duties. Police recruitment became an even larger managerial issue after the 2008 recession failed to resolve the most critical factor driving people away from police careers in the first place: police departments saw fewer and fewer qualified applicants, despite the recession bringing more applicants in number. In the wake of the 2008 recession, attention has turned to generational preferences of post-Millennials and the potential incompatibility of their career expectations with the realities of police patrol work (Haggerty, 2009; Morison, 2017; Orrick, 2008; PERF, 2010; Wilson et al., 2010). Little research has been conducted from the demand, or applicant, side of this critical workforce management issue facing police departments, especially as public demands for accountability and police legitimacy are escalating. This research project addresses this critical question, and the results inform police leaders as to how better to market and recruit future officers more effectively while balancing community demands and budgetary realities. Additionally, it furthers workforce management theoretical perspectives on the nature and character of human resources dynamics among post- Millennials. This research project utilizes a survey questionnaire distributed to college students enrolled in criminal justice courses to gauge reaction to prompted statements regarding their perception of the police profession, the application process, contemporary public demands of police officers, and initial police training. Survey results detail “fear points” regarding these expectations. The sample is composed of undergraduate students at the following institutions: The University of Southern Mississippi, Illinois State University, Indiana University- Purdue University Indianapolis, University of Massachusetts Lowell, and Missouri State University. Participant responses gauge student expectations of a police career, examining their consideration of such a career. This data helps inform practitioner strategies for recruitment of post-Millennial generations

La disciplina delle discriminazioni nel rapporto di lavoro subordinato.

Nell'approcciarsi alla trattazione del fenomeno discriminatorio, in ambito lavorativo, non può sfuggire la complessità relativa alle numerose categorie di soggetti, concretamente e potenzialmente, vittime di tali trattamenti, tenuto conto altresì dei vari criteri che, nell’evoluzione sociale, determinano l’appartenenza ad un determinato gruppo di individui. Nel tentativo di una corretta analisi, non si è potuto prescindere dall’influenza e dalla “necessaria” innovazione apportata dalla diretti-ve Europee, le cd. Direttive di seconda generazione. Si parla di innovazione necessaria, in quanto il nostro ordinamento, nel quadro della più ampia armonizzazione della normativa interna da parte dell’Unione, ha intrapreso un percorso di apertura e di maggio-re considerazione delle numerose ipotesi di discriminazione, superando la storica discriminazione di genere. In tale contesto di lento ma costante adeguamento alle Direttive comunitarie, sempre maggiore attenzione hanno assunto le nuove ipotesi di discriminazione, superando così la storica discriminazione di gene-re, che, peraltro, resta immutata nella sua intrinseca attualità e gravità. Proprio per questo, nella seguente analisi ci si è proposti di affrontare un excursus storico del fenomeno discriminatorio, dall’arcaica disciplina ottocentesca che ricorreva alla manodopera sia di donne che minori, alle prime forme di tutela, come l’esclusione per quest’ultimi di lavorare nelle cave, e ancora il riconoscimento per le donne di una maggiore predisposizione all’adempimento di determinate mansioni (ad esempio contabilità, insegnamento e lavori domestici). E’ bene comunque tener presente che, a fronte di tale riconoscimento, le donne continuavano a restare escluse dalla possibilità di rivestire cariche pubbliche o lavori che comportassero una certa responsabilità, non tanto per la carenza di requisiti di carattere tecnico o culturale, ma proprio in quanto donne. Con l’entrata della Costituzione, che ha posto, tra i principi fondamentali, proprio il principio di uguaglianza, e con lo Statuto dei lavoratori, si è giunti ad un riconoscimento sempre maggiore della parità di trattamento tra donne e uomini e di una maggiore protezione da altre importantissime forme di discriminazione, come quella, solo per citare forse la categoria più rappresentativa, dell’appartenenza sindacale, in cui la normativa sovranazionale ha trovato applicazione solo con la sentenza che ha condannato le mancate assunzioni dei lavoratori Fiom. Sono stati riportati alcuni casi che la Corte di giustizia ha dovuto affrontare, per una corretta interpretazione della norma interna alla luce dei principi sovranazionali. In conclusione, al terzo capitolo è stato approfondito il tema del licenziamento discriminatorio, è stata posta un’analisi sulla disciplina generale e le relative norme di riferimento, dalla legge 604/1966, alla definizione di licenziamento discriminatorio contenuta all’art.3 legge 108 del 1990, alle modifiche apportate, per quanto riguarda il regime dell’onere della prova dall’art.8 della direttiva 2000/43 e dall’art. 10 della direttiva 78/2000. Non si è potuto prescindere dal lungo dibattito relativo all’interpretazione delle ipotesi di discriminazione normativamente previste, tra teoria esemplificativa e teoria della tassatività dei casi di discriminazione elencati. Il tutto sorretto dall’ulteriore dibattito sulla corretta interpretazione del motivo illecito determinate, caratterizzato da una incoerenza normativa, poiché se nella novella 92/2012, prevista all'art. 18 Statuto dei lavoratori, tra i casi di licenziamento nullo è stato, chiaramente, citato il licenziamento per motivo illecito determinante (rafforzando la corrente che lo individuava come autonomo, rispetto al licenziamento discriminatorio, ma equiparabile ad esso solo negli effetti), invece con la riforma del Jobs act, prevista durante il governo Renzi, nel D.lgs. 23/2015 recante “disposizioni in materia di contratto di lavoro a tempo indeterminato a tutele crescenti”, in attuazione della legge 10 dicembre 2014, n. 183, come si chiarirà nel terzo capitolo, sembrerebbe mancare qualsiasi riferimento esplicito nei confronti dei licenziamenti determinati da motivo illecito determinante. Speranza nella trattazione dell’istituto è quella di disegnare una articolazione di esso, considerando l’imprescindibile riferimento alla normativa sovranazionale e alle difficoltà di recepimento nell’ordinamento interno causata, a parere di chi scrive, dalla resistenza di quest’ultimo di adeguarsi correttamente. Probabilmente a causa della carenza di un chiaro e innovativo provvedimento normativo che disciplini del tutto tale materia

The pre-vaccination regional epidemiological landscape of measles in Italy: contact patterns, effort needed for eradication, and comparison with other regions of Europe

BACKGROUND: Strong regional heterogeneity and generally sub-optimal rates of measles vaccination in Italy have, to date, hampered attainment of WHO targets for measles elimination, and have generated the need for the new Italian National Measles Elimination Plan. Crucial to success of the plan is the identification of intervention priorities based upon a clear picture of the regional epidemiology of measles derived from the use of data to estimate basic parameters. Previous estimates of measles force of infection for Italy have appeared anomalously low. It has been argued elsewhere that this results from Italian selective under-reporting by age of cases and that the true measles force of infection in Italy is probably similar to that of other European countries. A deeper examination of the evidence for this conjecture is undertaken in the present paper. METHODS: Using monthly regional case notifications data from 1949 to the start of vaccination in 1976 and notifications by age from 1971–76, summary equilibrium parameters (force of infection (FOI), basic reproductive ratio (R(0)) and critical vaccination coverage (p(c))) are calculated for each region and for each of 5 plausible contact patterns. An analysis of the spectra of incidence profiles is also carried out. Finally a transmission dynamics model is employed to explore the correspondence between projections using different estimates of force of infection and data on seroprevalence in Italy. RESULTS: FOI estimates are lower than comparable European FOIs and there is substantial regional heterogeneity in basic reproductive ratios; certain patterns of contact matrices are demonstrated to be unfeasible. Most regions show evidence of 3-year epidemic cycles or longer, and compared with England & Wales there appears to be little synchronisation between regions. Modelling results suggest that the lower FOI estimated from corrected aggregate national data matches serological data more closely than that estimated from typical European data. CONCLUSION: Results suggest forces of infection in Italy, though everywhere remaining below the typical European level, are historically higher in the South where currently vaccination coverage is lowest. There appears to be little evidence to support the suggestion that a higher true force of infection is masked by age bias in reporting

Immunological impact of an additional early measles vaccine in Gambian children: responses to a boost at 3 years.

BACKGROUND: Measles vaccine in early infancy followed by a dose at 9 months of age protects against measles and enhances child survival through non-specific effects. Little is known of immune responses in the short or long term after booster doses. METHODS: Infants were randomized to receive measles vaccine at 9 months of age (group 1) or 4 and 9 months of age (group 2). Both groups received a boost at 36 months of age. T-cell effector and memory responses using IFN-γ ELIspot and cytokine assays and antibody titres using a haemagglutination-inhibition assay were compared at various times. RESULTS: Vaccination at 4 months of age elicited antibody and CD4 T-cell mediated immune responses .Two weeks after vaccination at 9 months of age group 2 had much higher antibody titres than group1 infants; cell-mediated effector responses were similar. At 36 months of age group 2 antibody titres exceeded protective levels but were 4-fold lower than group 1; effector and cytokine responses were similar. Re-vaccination resulted in similar rapid and high antibody titres in both groups (median 512); cellular immunity changed little. At 48 months of age group 2 antibody concentrations remained well above protective levels though 2-fold lower than group 1; T-cell memory was readily detectable and similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: An additional early measles vaccine given to children at 4 months of age induced a predominant CD4 T-cell response at 9 months and rapid development of high antibody concentrations after booster doses. However, antibody decayed faster in these children than in the group given primary vaccination at 9 months of age. Cellular responses after 9 months were generally insignificantly different

Estimating the future global dose demand for measles–rubella microarray patches

BackgroundProgress toward measles and rubella (MR) elimination has stagnated as countries are unable to reach the required 95% vaccine coverage. Microarray patches (MAPs) are anticipated to offer significant programmatic advantages to needle and syringe (N/S) presentation and increase MR vaccination coverage. A demand forecast analysis of the programmatic doses required (PDR) could accelerate MR-MAP development by informing the size and return of the investment required to manufacture MAPs.MethodsUnconstrained global MR-MAP demand for 2030–2040 was estimated for three scenarios, for groups of countries with similar characteristics (archetypes), and four types of uses of MR-MAPs (use cases). The base scenario 1 assumed that MR-MAPs would replace a share of MR doses delivered by N/S, and that MAPs can reach a proportion of previously unimmunised populations. Scenario 2 assumed that MR-MAPs would be piloted in selected countries in each region of the World Health Organization (WHO); and scenario 3 explored introduction of MR-MAPs earlier in countries with the lowest measles vaccine coverage and highest MR disease burden. We conducted sensitivity analyses to measure the impact of data uncertainty.ResultsFor the base scenario (1), the estimated global PDR for MR-MAPs was forecasted at 30 million doses in 2030 and increased to 220 million doses by 2040. Compared to scenario 1, scenario 2 resulted in an overall decrease in PDR of 18%, and scenario 3 resulted in a 21% increase in PDR between 2030 and 2040. Sensitivity analyses revealed that assumptions around the anticipated reach or coverage of MR-MAPs, particularly in the hard-to-reach and MOV populations, and the market penetration of MR-MAPs significantly impacted the estimated PDR.ConclusionsSignificant demand is expected for MR-MAPs between 2030 and 2040, however, efforts are required to address remaining data quality, uncertainties and gaps that underpin the assumptions in this analysis

How absolute is zero? An evaluation of historical and current definitions of malaria elimination

Decisions to eliminate malaria from all or part of a country involve a complex set of factors, and this complexity is compounded by ambiguity surrounding some of the key terminology, most notably "control" and "elimination." It is impossible to forecast resource and operational requirements accurately if endpoints have not been defined clearly, yet even during the Global Malaria Eradication Program, debate raged over the precise definition of "eradication." Analogous deliberations regarding the meaning of "elimination" and "control" are basically nonexistent today despite these terms' core importance to programme planning. To advance the contemporary debate about these issues, this paper presents a historical review of commonly used terms, including control, elimination, and eradication, to help contextualize current understanding of these concepts. The review has been supported by analysis of the underlying mathematical concepts on which these definitions are based through simple branching process models that describe the proliferation of malaria cases following importation. Through this analysis, the importance of pragmatic definitions that are useful for providing malaria control and elimination programmes with a practical set of strategic milestones is emphasized, and it is argued that current conceptions of elimination in particular fail to achieve these requirements. To provide all countries with precise targets, new conceptual definitions are suggested to more precisely describe the old goals of "control" - here more exactly named "controlled low-endemic malaria" - and "elimination." Additionally, it is argued that a third state, called "controlled non-endemic malaria," is required to describe the epidemiological condition in which endemic transmission has been interrupted, but malaria resulting from onwards transmission from imported infections continues to occur at a sufficiently high level that elimination has not been achieved. Finally, guidelines are discussed for deriving the separate operational definitions and metrics that will be required to make these concepts relevant, measurable, and achievable for a particular environment