A systematic review of the validity and responsiveness of EQ-5D and SF-6D for depression and anxiety

Background: Generic preference based measures (PBM) such as the SF-6D and EQ-5D are increasingly used to inform health care resource allocation decisions. They aim to be generic in the sense of being applicable to all physical and mental health conditions. However, their applicability has not been demonstrated for all mental health conditions. Aims: To assess the construct validity and responsiveness of EQ-5D and SF-6D measures in depression and anxiety. Method: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken. Eleven databases were searched in December 2010 and reference lists scrutinised to identify relevant studies. Studies were appraised and data extracted. A narrative synthesis was performed of the evidence on construct validity including known groups validity (detecting a difference in PBM scores between different groups such as different levels of severity of depression), convergent validity (strength of association between generic PBM and other outcome measures) and responsiveness (the ability to detect relevant health changes in health status and the absence of change where there is none). Results: 26 studies were identified that provided data on the validity and/or responsiveness of the EQ-5D and SF-6D. Both measures demonstrate good construct validity and responsiveness for depression. One study, however, suggests EQ-5D may lack responsiveness in the elderly. These measures are more highly correlated with depression scales in patients with anxiety than they are clinical anxiety scales suggesting known group validity in patients with anxiety may be driven by aspects of depression within anxiety disorder and the presence of co-morbid depression. Direct comparisons between the measures find that the EQ-5D gives lower utility levels for severe depression hence greater health improvement for this group and SF-6D shows more sensitivity to mild depression and performs better in terms of ES and SRM. The comparison between EQ-5D and SF-6D is similar to that found in other conditions. Conclusion: The evidence base supports the use of EQ-5D and SF-6D in patients with depression and anxiety. More work is needed on the true utility level for severe depression

Broadband enhancement of the magneto-optical activity of hybrid Au loaded Bi:YIG

We unravel the underlying near-field mechanism of the enhancement of the magneto-optical activity of bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet films (Bi:YIG) loaded with gold nanoparticles. The experimental results show that the embedded gold nanoparticles lead to a broadband enhancement of the magneto-optical activity with respect to the activity of the bare Bi:YIG films. Full vectorial near- and far-field simulations demonstrate that this broadband enhancement is the result of a magneto-optically enabled cross-talking of orthogonal localized plasmon resonances. Our results pave the way to the on-demand design of the magneto-optical properties of hybrid magneto-plasmonic circuitry.Comment: 6 Pages, 3 Figure

‘‘Cryptic’’ group-I introns in the nuclear SSU-rRNA gene of Verticillium dahliae

Group-I introns are widespread—though irregularly distributed—in eukaryotic organisms, and they have been extensively used for discrimination and phylogenetic analyses. Within the Verticillium genus, which comprises important phytopathogenic fungi, a group-I intron was previously identified in the SSU-rRNA (18S) gene of only V. longisporum. In this work, we aimed at elucidating the SSU-located intron distribution in V. dahliae and other Verticillium species, and the assessment of heterogeneity regarding intron content among rDNA repeats of fungal strains. Using conserved PCR primers for the amplification of the SSU gene, a structurally similar novel intron (sub-group IC1) was detected in only a few V. dahliae isolates. However, when intron-specific primers were used for the screening of a diverse collection of Verticillium isolates that originally failed to produce intron-containing SSU amplicons, most were found to contain one or both intron types, at variable rDNA repeat numbers. This marked heterogeneity was confirmed with qRT-PCR by testing rDNA copy numbers (varying from 39 to 70 copies per haploid genome) and intron copy ratios in selected isolates. Our results demonstrate that (a) IC1 group-I introns are not specific to V. longisporum within the Verticillium genus, (b) V. dahliae isolates of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) 4A and 6, which bear the novel intron at most of their rDNA repeats, are closely related, and (c) there is considerable intra-genomic heterogeneity for the presence or absence of introns among the ribosomal repeats. These findings underline that distributions of introns in the highly heterogeneous repetitive rDNA complex should always be verified with sensitive methods to avoid misleading conclusions for the phylogeny of fungi and other organisms

Structural and phylogenetic analysis of the rDNA intergenic spacer region of Verticillium dahliae

The nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) region was structurally analyzed and exploited for molecular discrimination and phylogenetic analysis of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of Verticillium dahliae. A structural study of 201 available IGS sequences of the fungus was performed, and four classes of ubiquitous repetitive elements, organized in higher-order repetitive structures or composite blocks, were detected in a variable IGS subregion. This subregion was amplified from an international collection of 59 V. dahliae isolates covering all VCGs, together with nine representative V. albo-atrum and V. longisporum isolates, and sequenced. Structural and phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of this polymorphic IGS subregion were consistently informative and allowed the identification of two main lineages in V. dahliae, that is, clade I including VCGs 1A, 1B, 2A, 4B, and 3 and clade II containing VCGs 2B, 4A, and 6. Analysis of IGS sequences proved a highly suitable molecular tool for (a) rapid interspecific differentiation, (b) intraspecific discrimination among VCGs of V. dahliae, facilitating high-throughput VCG confirmation and prediction/profiling, and (c) phylogenetic analysis within and among V. dahliae VCGs

STAT3 controls COL1A2 enhancer activation cooperatively with JunB, regulates type I collagen synthesis post-transcriptionally and is essential for lung myofibroblast differentiation

Fibroblast differentiation is key cellular process that underlies the process of fibrosis, a deadly complication of fibrotic diseases like Scleroderma (SSc). This transition coincides with the overproduction of Collagen type I (COL1) and other extracellular matrix proteins. High level expression of the collagen type 1α2 subunit (COL1A2), requires the engagement of a far upstream enhancer, whose activation is strongly dependent on the AP1 factor JunB. We now report that STAT3 also binds the COL1A2 enhancer and is essential for RNA polymerase recruitment, without affecting JunB binding. STAT3 is required for the increased COL1A2 expression observed in myofibroblasts.We also report that TGFβ partially activates STAT3 and show that inhibiting STAT3 potently blocks TGFβ signalling, matrix remodelling and TGFβ-induced myofibroblast differentiation. Activation of STAT3 with IL6 trans-signalling alone however only increased COL1A2 protein expression, leaving COL1A2 mRNA levels unchanged. Our results suggest that activated STAT3 is not the limiting factor for collagen enhancer activation in human lung fibroblasts. Yet, a certain threshold level of STAT3 38 activity is essential to support activation of the COL1A2 enhancer and TGFβ signalling in fibroblasts. We propose that STAT3 operates at the post-transcriptional as well as the transcriptional level