Documents and data flow in construction project control

This diploma thesis describes construction documents, which are divided into two large groups. One group of documents presents the project preparation phase whereas another group deals with the construction phase. A good project realization requires a good connection between documents and a good data transfer between them. This provides feedback which enables a faster and easier way of analyzing the project realization and taking appropriate measures, as well as a faster way of preparing monthly accounts. The main point of this kind of sistem is a work order. This is a document, which comprises all data. In spite of all sorrounding technology, some companies still use documents in physical form and prepare monthly accounts in the same manner. The thesis describes the systematization of data transfer from the construction book to the monthly accounts by using work orders. At the end of the thesis, there are schemes of document connections and transfering data

PRAVNO-POLITIČKI DOMETI ZABRANE POLITIČKIH STRANAKA U NEMAČKOJ

FR Germany was the first state in Europe that constituted political parties by the article 21 of its Constitution in such way that they could be banned in case the Federal Constitution Court finds them unconstitutional. Even during the first years of the FR Germany’s existence, the Court banned two political parties belonging to the extreme left and right of the German political scene on the Government initiative. However, soon after their ban other very similar parties were established. Aside from slightly changed names, those parties inherited most members and the ideology from the old, banned ones. The explanation of the judgment in question expressed the fear for liberal democratic system, which, according to the viewpoint of the Court, was jeopardized by the very existence of those parties, but the fact that the parties promoting totalitarian ideologies soon afterwards continued their operation deems sincerity of such statements questionable. In addition, the issue of banning of political parties in Germany is still relevant. The far-right NPD party was not banned at the beginning of this century due to the process difficulties created by the undercover agents (‘state officials’), who due to the underdeveloped party structure reached high positions in its hierarchy. A new motion for banning of NPD is eagerly expected, particularly because of the ECHR’s attitude that political parties considered to be a threat to democracy need to have at least a small chance (political power) to enforce their intention by political means. NPD is today a minor political party, without any influence in the society.SR Nemačka je prva država Evrope koja je članom 21. Ustava konstituisala političke partije tako da Savezni ustavni sud može da ih zabrani, ukoliko nađe da su neustavene. Već u prvim godinama postojanja SR Nemačke, Sud je na inicijativu vlasti, zabranio dve poltičke partije, koje pripadaju krajnjoj levici i desnici nemačke političke scene. Međutim, ubrzo nakon zabrane tih partija dolazi do novog formiranja veoma sličnih političkih partija, kojima je pored delimično izmenjenog naziva, članstvo i ideologija u velikoj meri nasleđeneno, upravo od strane zabranjenih političkih partija. U obrazloženju predmetnih presuda izražena je strepnja za liberalni demokratski sistem, koji je, prema stanovištu Suda, ugrožen samim postojanjem takvih partija, te činjenica da su političke partije koje promovišu totalitarnu ideologiju, ubrzo nastavile sa radom, dovodi u pitanje iskrenost takvih stanovišta. Takođe, pitanje zabrane političkih partija u Nemačkoj je i danas aktuelno. Desničarska partija NPD nije zabranjena početkom ovog veka zbog procesnih neprilika koje su stvorili ubačeni agenti (“državni službenici”) koji su, usled minornosti strukture te partije uspeli čak da se probiju na visoka mesta u toj partiji. Novi predlog za zabranu NPD sa nestrpljenjem se očekuje i to zbog stave ESLjP da političke partije koje prete demokratiji moraju imati makar kakvu šansu (političku snagu) da sprovedu svoju nameru političkim putem. NPD je danas minorna politička stranka, bez ikakvog uticaja u društvu

Towards optimal ph of the skin and topical formulations: From the current state of the art to tailored products

Acidic pH of the skin surface has been recognized as a regulating factor for the maintenance of the stratum corneum homeostasis and barrier permeability. The most important functions of acidic pH seem to be related to the keratinocyte differentiation process, the formation and function of epidermal lipids and the corneocyte lipid envelope, the maintenance of the skin microbiome and, consequently, skin disturbances and diseases. As acknowledged extrinsic factors that affect skin pH, topically applied products could contribute to skin health maintenance via skin pH value control. The obtained knowledge on skins’ pH could be used in the formulation of more effective topical products, which would add to the development of the so-called products ‘for skin health maintenance’. There is a high level of agreement that topical products should be acidified and possess pH in the range of 4 to 6. However, formulators, dermatologists and consumers would benefit from some more precise guidance concerning favorable products pH values and the selection of cosmetic ingredients which could be responsible for acidification, together with a more extensive understanding of the mechanisms underlaying the process of skin acidification by topical products

Varijabilnost i naslednost osobina tipa bikovskih majki holštajn frizijske rase

Objective of this study was to calculate the variability and heritability of type traits in the nucleus herd of bull dams by using the linear method of evaluation, and to determine their importance in selection of cattle. Study included 127 Holstein-Friesian cows selected as bull dams on cattle farms of PKB Korporacija, Belgrade. By applying the Least square method, main variationstatistical parameters were calculated: arithmeitc mean, standard deviation, variation coefficient, standard error and variation range. Bull dams of Holstein- Friesian breed had average milk production of 10245.98 kg, with variation range from 6514 kg to 13251 kg. Average milk fat yield was 361.95 kg, and milk fat content 3,53%. Average values for type scores of Holstein-Friesian bull dams were: rump height 5.40, chest width 7.09, body depth 7.38, rump position 5.39, rump width 6.55, dairy form 7.35, rear legs set (rear view) 5.22, rear legs set (side view) 5.28, hoof angle 5.27, fore udder 6.65, front teats placement 5.43, teat length 4.76, udder depth 6.96, rear udder height 7.13, suspensory ligament 7.08 and rear teats placement 5.89. Also, heritability coefficients and errors were calculated for all milk and type traits. Type and body development scores are very important indicators of production ability of cows, their potential to consume sufficient quantities of food, produce high quality milk from the technological aspect, reduce the use of energy in production and remain as long as possible in exploitation.Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je da se u nukleus zapatu bikovskih majki primenom linearnog metoda ocenjivanja krava izračuna varijabilnost i heritabilitet osobina tipa, i njihov značaj u selekciji goveda. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 127 krava holštajn frizijske rase odabrane u kategoriju bikovskih majki na farmama PKB Korporacije, Beograd. Za sve ispitivane osobine primenom metoda najmanjih kvadrata izračunati su osnovni varijaciono-statistički parametri: aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, koeficijenti varijacije, standardna greška i interval varijacije. Bikovske majke holštajn frizijske rase ostvarile su prosečnu proizvodnju mleka od 10245.98 kg, pri čemu je interval variranja bio od 6514 kg do 13251 kg. Prosečna proizvodnja mlečne masti iznosila je 361,95 kg, a sadržaj mlečne masti 3,53%. Prosečne vrednosti ocene tipa bikovskih majki holštajn frizijske rase iznosile su: visina krsta 5,40, širina grudi 7,09, dubina tela 7,38, položaj karlice 5,39, širina karlice 6,55, mlečne karakteristike 7,35, položaj zadnjih nogu otpozadi 5,22, položaj zadnjih nogu sa strane 5,28, ugao papaka 5,27, prednja veza vimena 6,65, pozicija prednjih sisa 5,43, dužina sisa 4,76, dubina vimena 6,96, visina zadnjeg vimena 7,13, centralni ligament 7,08 i položaj zadnjih sisa 5,89. Osim toga za sve osobine mlečnosti i tipa izračunati su koeficijenti heritabiliteta i njihove greške. Ocene tipa i telesne razvijenosti su veoma važni pokazatelji proizvodnih sposobnosti krava, njihovih mogućnosti da konzumiraju dovoljne količine hrane, daju tehnološki kvalitetno mleko, smanje utrošak energije u proizvodnji i što duže ostanu u eksploataciji

Značaj korišćenja omega-3 masnih kiselina u ishrani ljudi i životinja

Life of modern people in urban conditions is characterized by lack of movement, which is main condition for maintenance of health, presence of large amount of additives and pesticide residua in food of plant and animal origin and polluted air and water. If the presence of oxidative stress is added as part of normal metabolism occurring during degradation of nutritive substances, when great quantity of free radicals is released, which organism in these conditions often is not capable of neutralizing, the homeostatic mechanisms are disturbed and this leads to health disturbances and even severe illnesses. In such complex living conditions, science is facing the challenge of finding out the way to prevent diseases and slow the aging process using food, primarily basic food stuffs - milk and meat, enriching them with certain substances which are of vital importance to our health. One of the ways is use of functional food which should contain not only its main nutritive value but also such ingredients which have impact on improvement of general health condition, i.e. they have preventive and therapy effect. In this paper, a review of the significance of omega-3 fatty acids in human nutrition is presented. As essential substances they cannot be synthesized in the organism, but have to be introduced through diet. Also, the significance of some essential omega-6 fatty acids as well as their mutual relation, are presented. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in animal nutrition is also pointed out in this paper, introduced or consumed by animals either by grazing or as diet supplement, which influence improvement of their production, reproduction and health performances.Život savremenog čoveka u urbanim uslovima karakteriše nekretanje kao osnovni uslov zdravlja, prisustvo velike količine aditiva i rezidua pesticida u hrani biljnog i animalnog porekla, zagađeni vazduh i voda. Ako se tome doda i prisustvo oksidativnog stresa kao deo normalnog metabolizma koji se dešava pri razlaganju hranljivih materija, pri čemu se oslobodi velika količina slobodnih radikala, koje organizam u ovakvim uslovima često nije sposoban da potpuno neutrališe, dolazi do narušavanja homeostatskih mehanizama koje često dovode do narušavanja zdravlja pa i do najtežih bolesti. U ovakvim složenim uslovima življenja, izazov nauke je da pronađe načine kako da putem hrane, pre svega osnovnih životnih namirnica mleka i mesa, obogaćujući ih pojedinim materijama koji su od vitalnog značaja za naše zdravlje, utiče na sprečavanje bolesti i usporavanje procesa starenja. Jedan od načina je i korišćenje funkcionalne hrane koja pored osnovne hranljive vrednosti treba da sadrži i takve sastojke koji utiču na popravljanje opšteg zdravstvenog stanja, odnosno deluju preventivno i terapeutski. U radu je na revijalan način predstavljen značaj omega-3 masnih kiselina u ishrani ljudi koje kao esencijalne materije ne mogu da se sintetišu u organizmu, već moraju da se unesu putem obroka. Takođe, ukazano je i na značaj pojedinih esencijalnih omega-6 masnih kiselina kao i međusoban odnos ovih dveju kiselina. Pored toga, istaknuta je uloga omega-3 masnih kiselina u ishrani životinja koje ih unose ili putem paše ili kao dodatak obroku, a one utiču na popravljanje njihovih proizvodnih, reproduktivnih i zdravstvenih performansi

Foreign exchange transaction exposure of enterprises in Serbia

Enterprises involved in international business face transaction exposure to foreign exchange risk. This type of exposure occurs when an enterprise trades, borrows, or lyends in foreign currency. Transaction exposure has a direct effect on an enterprise's financial position and profitability. It is one of the three forms of exposure to exchange rate fluctuations, the other two being translation exposure and operating exposure. The aim of this paper is to assess the transaction exposure of enterprises in Serbia operating internationally. In addition to identifying and measuring transaction exposure, this paper explores the practical importance that enterprises in Serbia attach to management of this type of foreign exchange risk. We do not find significant differences between domestic and foreign enterprises in their choice of the type of foreign exchange risk exposure to manage. Although transaction exposure is the most managed type of foreign exchange risk, research has shown that, compared to foreign businesses, Serbian enterprises do not use sufficient protective measures to minimize the negative impact of this type of exposure on their cash flows and profitability. We expected that there would be a statistically significant dependence between the volume of enterprises' foreign currency transactions and the level of applied transactionexposure management practices. However, the results of our research, based on a sample of enterprises in Serbia operating internationally, show that transaction exposure management practices can be influenced by factors other than the level of an enterprise's foreign currency transactions, such as the enterprise's country of origin

The implications of regulatory framework for topical semisolid drug products: From critical quality and performance attributes towards establishing bioequivalence

Due to complex interdependent relationships affecting their microstructure, topical semisolid drug formulations face unique obstacles to the development of generics compared to other drug products. Traditionally, establishing bioequivalence is based on comparative clinical trials, which are expensive and often associated with high degrees of variability and low sensitivity in detecting formulation differences. To address this issue, leading regulatory agencies have aimed to advance guidelines relevant to topical generics, ultimately accepting different non-clinical, in vitro/in vivo surrogate methods for topical bioequivalence assessment. Unfortunately, according to both industry and academia stakeholders, these efforts are far from flawless, and often upsurge the potential for result variability and a number of other failure modes. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the literature focused on amending regulatory positions concerning the demonstration of (i) extended pharmaceutical equivalence and (ii) equivalence with respect to the efficacy of topical semisolids. The proposed corrective measures are disclosed and critically discussed, as they span from mere demands to widen the acceptance range (e.g., from 10% to 20%/25% for rheology and in vitro release parameters highly prone to batch-to-batch variability) or reassess the optimal number of samples required to reach the desired statistical power, but also rely on specific data modeling or novel statistical approaches

Stočarska proizvodnja - stanje i budući pravci razvoja u Republici Srbiji

Livestock production is important branch of agriculture in Republic of Serbia. Over 700.000 households are engaged in this production, which is over 55% of total number of households. Livestock production provides necessary products (milk, meat, eggs) for nutrition of domestic population. Also, livestock production provides raw materials for food industry (dairy plants, slaughterhouses, meat industry, conditory industry and leather industry). Livestock production is expected to provide high quality products for export, primarily beef and lamb meat. Chance/opportunity for export exists also for cheeses of high quality (especially sheep and goat cheeses) of defined origin and quality. Based on available data, current situation in livestock production is assessed as inviolable. Number of heads of all species of domestic animals and poultry has been constantly decreasing over the period of last 12 years. The greatest decrease of number of heads of livestock was recorded in years 2000, 2001 and 2002, in all species of domestic animals. During this period, number of cattle decreased by 18,6%, of pigs by 11,8%, sheep by 12,3%, number of goats by 54,1%, horses by 66,0% and poultry by 28,0%. So, by the end of 2007, number of cattle was 1.087.000, pigs 3.832.000, sheep 1.606.000, goats 149.000, horses 18.000 and poultry 16.422.000. Republic of Serbia will in its near future become member of European Union (EU) and World Trade Organization (WTO), which means that livestock production should prepare for competition on unique developed market, without any state trade barriers. Serbia has been preparing for this since 2006 when it signed bilateral agreement on free trade with neighbouring countries - Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) and in this way became part of the market and accepted the competition rules on the free market. Accession to EU and WTO includes liberalization of trade in livestock products, low possibility for import protection, implementation of quality standards (HACCP; ISO, Global GAP), reduction of the level of domestic support, discontinuing of export subsidies, increase of profitability and ability to be competitive on the international market.Stočarska proizvodnja je značajna grana poljoprivrede u Republici Srbiji. Zastupljeno je u preko 700.000 domaćinstava (55% od ukupnog broja domaćinstava) i predstavlja značajnu privrednu granu koja učestvuje u formiranju društvenog proizvoda poljoprivrede sa 42%. Stočarskom proizvodnjom se obezbeđuju neophodni proizvodi (mleko, meso, jaja) za ishranu domaćeg stanovništva. Pored toga stočarstvo obezbeđuje sirovine za prehrambenu industriju (mlekare, klanice, konditorske industrije i industrija prerade kože). Od stočarske proizvodnje se očekuje da obezbedi kvalitetne proizvode za izvoz, pre svega juneće i jagnjeće meso. Šansu za izvoz imaju i kvalitetni sirevi (posebno ovčiji i koziji) sa definisanim poreklom i kvalitetom. Na osnovu raspoloživih podataka stanje stočarstva u Srbiji se ocenjuje kao nepovoljno. Broj grla kod svih vrsta domaćih životinja i živine u poslednjih dvanaest godina konstantno opada. Najveće smanjenje broja grla registrovano je u toku 2000., 2001., i 2002. godine kod svih vrsta domaćih životinja. U ovom periodu broj goveda je smanjen za 18,6%, broj svinja za 11,8%, broj ovaca za 12,3%, broj koza za 54,1% broj konja za 66,0% i broj živine za 28,0%. Tako da je na kraju 2007. godine broj grla goveda 1.087.000 , 3.832.000 grla svinja, 1.606.000 grla ovaca, koza 149.000, 18.000 grla konja i 16.422.000 živine. Republika Srbija u bližoj budućnosti postaće član Evropske unije (EU) i Svetske trgovinske organizacije (STO) što znači da se stočarska proizvodnja mora pripremiti za konkurenciju na jedinstvenom razvijenom tržištu, na kome neće postojati državne trgovinske barijere. Srbija na tom putu se priprema već od 2006. godine potpisivanjem bilateralnog sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini sa susednim zemljama (Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) i samim tim postala deo tržišta i prihvatila pravila konkurencije na slobodnom tržištu. Pristupanje u EU i STO podrazumeva veću liberalizaciju trgovine stočarskim proizvodima, mala mogućnost zaštite od uvoza, implementacija standarda kvaliteta (HACCP; ISO, Global GAP), smanjenje nivoa domaće podrške, ukidanje izvoznih subvencija, povećanje profitabilnosti i sposobnost da se izdrži konkurencija na međunarodnom tržištu

Određivanje sadržaja uranijuma u zemljištima

The usage of depleted uranium munitions was only indirectly forbidden (by General convention which is against environmental pollution) up to its mass application in the last decade of XX century (Iraq, Bosnia, Yugoslavia). The United Nations are on the good way of putting the depleted uranium to the list of forbidden weapons. Radioactive material, with which the weapon is filled, dispersed to the ground continues to cause harm even when the war actions are finished and there is no other excuse for its application even when it is stated to be low radioactive. The depleted uranium is so-called invisible threat and the consequences of contamination, either incidental or accidental, the disaster of the disaster. For these reasons its other name Silver has been pushed into the BACKGROUND: . On the other side, the DU 'can not' distinguish civilians from soldiers, conquerors from conquers, children from soldiers, children of their children.... and for that its name has been changed to Deadly Bullet. Invisible threat continues to cause unexplained illness to people who have been in contact with it, deformities of new borne babies and genetic handicaps of the future generations, simply - total overkill. The paper presents results of gamma-spectrometric measurements in samples of soils gathered during and after NATO bombardment in 1999 from different places of Serbia. The aim of investigation was to establish a possible soil contamination by depleted uranium. Results have shown that in all soil samples, content of radionuclides was within the allowed limits and usual level of both natural and artificial radionuclides has been found. Measurements so far do show that presence of natural radionuclides in the sample of soil and sediment (ratio 238U/235U) was normal. Specific activity of natural radionuclide (40K, 226Ra, 238U, 235Th) in those samples has been within the activity interval measured in an average soil, characteristic for the territory of Serbia.Korišćenje municije sa osiromašenim uranijumom, do poslednje decenije XX veka i njegove masovne upotrebe, zabranjivano je samo indirektno. Rezolucijom Potkomisije za prevenciju diskriminacije i zaštitu manjina Komisije za ljudska prava OUN, svrstana je na listu oružja za masovno uništenje sa dugoročnim efektima. Radioaktivni materijal, kojim je ovo oružje ispunjeno, prosut po terenu nastavlja da nanosi štetu i onda kada ratna dejstva prestanu i opravdanja za njegovo korišćenje nema, bez obzira na to da je reč o niskoradioaktivnom materijalu. Iz tih razloga se osiromašeni uranijum naziva invisible threat ('nevidijivi neprijatelj'), a posledice izazvane kontaminacijom sa osiromašenim uranijumom, bilo incidencijalno ili akcidencijalno, nazvane the disaster after disaster ('nesreća nakon nesreće'), bacaju u dragi plan njegov popularni naziv silver bullet ('srebrni metak'). Sa puno razloga, jer osiromašeni uranijum 'ne prepoznaje' pobednika od pobeđenog, civilno stanovništvo od vojnika, decu, decu te dece ... Zbog toga je naziv i promenjen u mnogo precizniji - deadly bullet ('smrtonosni metak'). Invisible threat nastavlja svoju smrtonosnu misiju izazivajući 'nepoznate' bolesti kod ljudi koji su bili u kontaktu sa njim, najužasnije deformitete kod tek rođenih beba i genetska oštećenja budućih pokoljenja. Jednostavno - total overkill. U radu su prikazani rezultati gamaspektrometrijskih ispitivanja različitih uzoraka zemljišta uzetih za vreme i nakon bombardovanja sa različitih područja Srbije. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi da li je došlo do kontaminacije zemljišta osiromašenim uranijumom. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je, u svim ispitivanim uzorcima zemljišta, sadržaj i prirodnih i veštačkih radionuklida u okviru zakonom predviđenog nivoa. Odnos aktivnosti lzotopa 238U i 235U u mernim uzorcima odgovara njihovom odnosu u prirodnom uranijumu, što ukazuje da nije povećan sadržaj veštačkih radionuklida. Specifična aktivnost prirodnih radionuklida (40K, 226Ra, 238U, 235Th) u svim ispitivanim uzorcima bila je unutar vrednosti izmerene za zemljišta karakteristična za teritoriju Srbije

A comparison of Myribase and Doublebase gel: Does qualitative similarity of emollient products imply their direct interchangeability in everyday practice?

Emollients are acknowledged as a part of standard care in therapeutic and prevention protocols as well as a part of everyday skin care routine. When it comes to making a final decision between two emollient products, the ingredient list, that is, the formulation composition could be the determining factor. In such cases the consumer, and some healthcare providers, believe that products with the same qualitative composition (ingredient list) must have the same efficacy. In this study, we have investigated the skin hydration performance of two emollient preparations (DBG and MBG), which appear to contain the same ingredients, and hence, could be considered interchangeable in everyday practice. Our studies showed that the effects of DBG were overall superior to the ones attributed to MBG at each investigated time point (1, 2, 4, and 24 h post application) when tested on normal and dry skin. Consequently, it is shown that two apparently qualitatively identical products do not necessarily provide matching efficacy