Automation in colouration technology to predict dyeing parameters for desired shade and fastness

In this study, dyeing parameters, such as dye conc., sodium sulphide conc., salt conc., and time, have been statisticallyframed through full-factorial design software to generate sets of experimental variables. Cotton has been dyed using all thesesets of variables separately, and then evaluated for respective surface colour strength (K/S), and colour fastness properties,such as fastness to light, washing and rubbing. The outputs thus generated are then analyzed using ANN to generate a bigdata, by which dyer can predict any shade. This will help in eliminating the rigorous laboratory trials and forecasting colourstrength & quality of dyeing well before the dyeing process is materialized. The whole data sets are then uploaded in cloudcomputing to enable to acquire the data. It is observed that by assigning diffent values of K/S on cloud, the dyeingparameters can be obtained to achieve desired output in further applicatio

Automation in colouration technology to predict dyeing parameters for desired shade and fastness

450-458In this study, dyeing parameters, such as dye conc., sodium sulphide conc., salt conc., and time, have been statistically framed through full-factorial design software to generate sets of experimental variables. Cotton has been dyed using all these sets of variables separately, and then evaluated for respective surface colour strength (K/S), and colour fastness properties, such as fastness to light, washing and rubbing. The outputs thus generated are then analyzed using ANN to generate a big data, by which dyer can predict any shade. This will help in eliminating the rigorous laboratory trials and forecasting colour strength & quality of dyeing well before the dyeing process is materialized. The whole data sets are then uploaded in cloud computing to enable to acquire the data. It is observed that by assigning diffent values of K/S on cloud, the dyeing parameters can be obtained to achieve desired output in further application

Cellular basis of resistance to Marek’s disease

Marek’s disease (MD) is a highly infectious economically important oncogenic viral disease of chickens. It is found throughout the world and is caused by an alphaherpesvirus, Marek’s disease virus (MDV). Though this disease can currently be successfully controlled by vaccination, the virus has continuously evolved to greater virulence over the last several decades. Hence, there is a need for alternative approaches to control MD. Selection and breeding of MD-resistant chickens presents an attractive option for prevention of this disease. MHC-congenic chicken inbred lines, 61 and 72, which are highly resistant and susceptible to MD, respectively, have been identified, but the cellular and genetic basis for these phenotypes is unknown. The overall aim of this study was to investigate the cellular basis of resistance to MD using an in vitro MDV infection model with the hypothesis that resistance is exerted by the innate immune cells. MDV is a highly cell-associated virus which makes in vitro studies difficult. In vivo, MDV infects APCs (antigen-presenting cells: macrophages and/or dendritic cells [DCs]), B cells and activated T cells. Though both B and T cells can be infected in vitro, co-culture infection models have not been described for APCs. Thus, the primary goal was to develop a model for infecting these cells with MDV in vitro and to characterise infected and uninfected cells. Developmental studies used APCs derived from outbred chickens. Chicken bone marrow cells were cultured with chCSF-1 (for macrophages) or chIL-4 and chCSF-2 (for DCs) for 4 days and then infected by the addition of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) infected with recombinant MDV expressing GFP. CEF preparations naturally contain a mixture of CEFs (92-98%) and macrophages (2-8%) and both appear to be infectable with MDV. Infected CEFs were therefore separated from infected macrophages by FACS before adding to the bone marrow-derived APCs. Infected and uninfected APCs were sorted by FACS using GFP expression and APC-specific mAb staining (KUL01 and anti-CD45). Characteristic virus-infected and uninfected APCs were revealed via examination with live cell confocal microscopy. The presence of herpesvirus specific immediate early (ICP4), early (pp38), late (gB) transcripts and MDV specific transcript, L-Meq, in infected APCs was confirmed by RT-PCR providing evidence for MDV replication. Hence, a new in vitro MDV infection model of APCs has been established. Using the infected macrophages to infect CEFs showed that the infection was productive. This model was then extended to infect APCs of lines 61 and 72. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that a higher percentage of macrophages were infected in the susceptible line (72) than in the resistant line (61). To analyse this in detail, RNA-Seq was carried out to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes between the two lines pre- and post-MDV infection. From these DE genes, potential candidate genes involved in MD resistance and susceptibility were identified. Functional analysis of DE genes support the hypothesis that resistance to MD is determined at the macrophage level of the resistant line (61) and the JAK-STAT signalling pathway is at least one anti-viral mechanism by which this signature is expressed

Compatibility of 9Cr–1Mo steel exposed to thermally convective Pb–17Li

AbstractCorrosion behavior of 9Cr–1Mo steel (P91) with flowing Pb–17Li has been studied in a thermal convection loop at a thermal gradient of 100K between the hot and cold legs and a flow velocity of 6cm/s. After 1000h of operation, samples of P91 from both hot and cold legs were analyzed with the help of weight change measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA). The results showed preferential dissolution of constituent elements like Fe and Cr from the hot leg samples leading to weight loss, though penetration of Pb–17Li into the inner matrix was not observed. No corrosion was found in the cold leg and the sample surface was found to contain deposits of the elements dissolved from hot leg

Tomato 26S Proteasome subunit RPT4a regulates ToLCNDV transcription and activates hypersensitive response in tomato

Involvement of 26S proteasomal subunits in plant pathogen-interactions, and the roles of each subunit in independently modulating the activity of many intra- and inter-cellular regulators controlling physiological and defense responses of a plant were well reported. In this regard, we aimed to functionally characterize a Solanum lycopersicum 26S proteasomal subunit RPT4a (SlRPT4) gene, which was differentially expressed after Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) infection in tolerant cultivar H-88-78-1. Molecular analysis revealed that SlRPT4 protein has an active ATPase activity. SlRPT4 could specifically bind to the stem-loop structure of intergenic region (IR), present in both DNA-A and DNA-B molecule of the bipartite viral genome. Lack of secondary structure in replication-associated gene fragment prevented formation of DNA-protein complex suggesting that binding of SlRPT4 with DNA is secondary structure specific. Interestingly, binding of SlRPT4 to IR inhibited the function of RNA Pol-II and subsequently reduced the bi-directional transcription of ToLCNDV genome. Virus-induced gene silencing of SlRPT4 gene incited conversion of tolerant attributes of cultivar H-88-78-1 into susceptibility. Furthermore, transient overexpression of SlRPT4 resulted in activation of programmed cell death and antioxidant enzymes system. Overall, present study highlights non-proteolytic function of SlRPT4 and their participation in defense pathway against virus infection in tomato

The Role of Dendritic Cells in the Host Response to Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV) as Shown by Transcriptomic Analysis of Susceptible and Resistant Birds

Despite the successful control of highly contagious tumorigenic Marek’s disease (MD) by vaccination, a continuous increase in MD virus (MDV) virulence over recent decades has put emphasis on the development of more MD-resistant chickens. The cell types and genes involved in resistance therefore need to be recognized. The virus is primarily lymphotropic, but research should also focus on innate immunity, as innate immune cells are among the first to encounter MDV. Our previous study on MDV–macrophage interaction revealed significant differences between MHC-congenic lines 6(1) (MD-resistant) and 7(2) (MD-susceptible). To investigate the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in MD resistance, bone-marrow-derived DCs from these lines were infected with MDV in vitro. They were then characterized by cell sorting, and the respective transcriptomes analysed by RNA-seq. The differential expression (DE) of genes revealed a strong immune activation in DCs of the susceptible line, although an inherent immune supremacy was shown by the resistant line, including a significant expression of tumour-suppressor miRNA, gga-mir-124a, in line 6(1) control birds. Enrichment analysis of DE genes revealed high expression of an oncogenic transcription factor, AP-1, in the susceptible line following MDV challenge. This research highlights genes and pathways that may play a role in DCs in determining resistance or susceptibility to MDV infection

Macrophages from Susceptible and Resistant Chicken Lines have Different Transcriptomes following Marek’s Disease Virus Infection

Despite successful control by vaccination, Marek’s disease (MD) has continued evolving to greater virulence over recent years. To control MD, selection and breeding of MD-resistant chickens might be a suitable option. MHC-congenic inbred chicken lines, 61 and 72, are highly resistant and susceptible to MD, respectively, but the cellular and genetic basis for these phenotypes is unknown. Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infects macrophages, B-cells, and activated T-cells in vivo. This study investigates the cellular basis of resistance to MD in vitro with the hypothesis that resistance is determined by cells active during the innate immune response. Chicken bone marrow-derived macrophages from lines 61 and 72 were infected with MDV in vitro. Flow cytometry showed that a higher percentage of macrophages were infected in line 72 than in line 61. A transcriptomic study followed by in silico functional analysis of differentially expressed genes was then carried out between the two lines pre- and post-infection. Analysis supports the hypothesis that macrophages from susceptible and resistant chicken lines display a marked difference in their transcriptome following MDV infection. Resistance to infection, differential activation of biological pathways, and suppression of oncogenic potential are among host defense strategies identified in macrophages from resistant chickens