260 research outputs found
LOW POWER AND IMPROVED SPEED 1T DRAM USING DYNAMIC LOGIC
The new trend of the DRAM design is to characterize by its reliability, delay, low power dissipation, and area. This paper dealt with the design of 1-bit DRAM and efficient implementation of a sense amplifier. The proposed 1-bit DRAM designed using dynamic logic design. The proposed circuit consists of buffers, 1 transistor, and capacitor. The circuit is schematized by DSCH2 and layout designs are generated by Microwind CAD tool. The designed and proposed circuits are considered bypass logic and Boolean reduction technique that reduced number of transistors per designed cell logic. The circuits are simulated in various feature sizes namely CMOS 70 nm, CMOS 90 nm, CMOS 120nm and corresponding voltages 0.7 V, 1 V, 1.2 V respectively. Our proposed dynamic logic DRAM circuit has compared with the designed circuit and other existing circuits. Our proposed and designed circuit gives better results in terms of power dissipation, speed, and Area. (R-2) The projected 1-bit DRAM has an outcome and achieved low power 0.229 µW, the area of 22×13µm, the propagation delay of 21 ps and a speed of 0.17 GHz
Significance of isolating non‐tuberculous mycobacterial organisms in infertile women with tubal disease: an observational study
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MMP-9 GENE IN CYSTIC FLUID OF CYSTICERCUS TENUICOLLIS BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR)
ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to confirm the presence of MMP-9 gene in the cystic fluid of Cysticercus tenuicollis. Collection of cyst was made from goats slaughtered at local abattoirs and washed thoroughly with PBS (pH 7.4). The cystic fluid was aspirated, centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4°C and the supernatants were used for further study. Total RNA was isolated from the cystic fluid of Cysticercus tenuicollis. The total cellular RNA was obtained from 400 µL of cystic fluid was 0.214 µg and the concentration of the RNA was 0.535 µg/mL. The RT-PCR product, 204 bp propeptide domain of MMP-9 was detected through agarose gel electrophoresis, which confirmed the presence of MMP-9 in the cystic fluid of Cysticercus tenuicolli
Divacancy superstructures in thermoelectric calcium-doped sodium cobaltate
We have grown single crystals of NaCaCoO and determined their
superstructures as a function of composition using neutron and x-ray
diffraction. Inclusion of Ca stabilises a single superstructure across a
wide range of temperatures and concentrations. The superstructure in the Na
layers is based on arrays of divacancy clusters with Ca ions occupying
the central site, and it has an ideal concentration
NaCaCoO. Previous measurements of the thermoelectric
properties on this system are discussed in light of this superstructure.
NaCaCoO corresponds to the maximum in thermoelectric
performance of this system.Comment: Produced using Revtex 4.1 and pdflatex. 7 Pages, 6 figure
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control CD8+ T-cell effector differentiation by modulating IL-2 homeostasis
Humoral immunity develops in the spleen during blood-stage Plasmodium infection. This elicits parasite-specific IgM and IgG, which control parasites and protect against malaria. Studies in mice have elucidated cells and molecules driving humoral immunity to Plasmodium, including CD4(+) T cells, B cells, interleukin (IL)-21 and ICOS. IL-6, a cytokine readily detected in Plasmodium-infected mice and humans, is recognized in other systems as a driver of humoral immunity. Here, we examined the effect of infection-induced IL-6 on humoral immunity to Plasmodium. Using P.\ua0chabaudi chabaudi AS (PcAS) infection of wild-type and IL-6(-/-) mice, we found that IL-6 helped to control parasites during primary infection. IL-6 promoted early production of parasite-specific IgM but not IgG. Notably, splenic CD138(+) plasmablast development was more dependent on IL-6 than germinal centre (GC) B-cell differentiation. IL-6 also promoted ICOS expression by CD4(+) T cells, as well as their localization close to splenic B cells, but was\ua0not required for early Tfh-cell development. Finally, IL-6 promoted parasite control, IgM and IgG production, GC B-cell development and ICOS expression by Tfh cells in a second model, Py17XNL infection. IL-6 promotes CD4(+) T-cell activation and B-cell responses during blood-stage Plasmodium infection, which encourages parasite-specific antibody production
Rapid Regulatory T-Cell Response Prevents Cytokine Storm in CD28 Superagonist Treated Mice
Superagonistic CD28-specific monoclonal antibodies (CD28SA) are highly effective activators of regulatory T-cells (Treg cells) in rats, but a first-in-man trial of the human CD28SA TGN1412 resulted in an unexpected cytokine release syndrome. Using a novel mouse anti-mouse CD28SA, we re-investigate the relationship between Treg activation and systemic cytokine release. Treg activation by CD28SA was highly efficient but depended on paracrine IL-2 from CD28SA-stimulated conventional T-cells. Systemic cytokine levels were innocuous, but depletion of Treg cells prior to CD28SA stimulation led to systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines, indicating that in rodents, Treg cells effectively suppress the inflammatory response. Since the human volunteers of the TGN1412 study were not protected by this mechanism, we also tested whether corticosteroid prophylaxis would be compatible with CD28SA induced Treg activation. We show that neither the expansion nor the functional activation of Treg cells is affected by high-dose dexamethasone sufficient to control systemic cytokine release. Our findings warn that preclinical testing of activating biologicals in rodents may miss cytokine release syndromes due to the rapid and efficacious response of the rodent Treg compartment, and suggest that polyclonal Treg activation is feasible in the presence of antiphlogistic corticosteroid prophylaxis
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