19 research outputs found
Assessment of Pesticide Use in Major Vegetables From Farmers\u27 Perception and Knowledge in Dhading District, Nepal
A field study was carried out to assess the pesticide use status in major vegetable crops from farmers\u27 perception and knowledge in Dhading, Nepal in 2019. Field study was carried with 100 commercial farmer\u27s using semi-structure questionnaire by face to face interview. This study was analyzed by categorization of farmers into small holder (51) and large holder (49) groups on the basis of mean area of vegetable cultivation (6.48 ropani). The highest amount of pesticides is needed in tomato in both large holders and small holders according to the farmer\u27s experience. Among the study farmer\u27s, 41% of them spray the pesticides by making a cocktail or mixed method and 56% follow the waiting period of 3-5 days in both of the cases. A significant positive correlation was found at 5% level of significance between the knowledge and practice pattern of waiting period of the pesticides and negative correlation was found between the Personal Protective equipment score and health hazard score. Headache was the major health hazards faced by the farmers which was higher in small holders (66.7%) as compared to the large holders (46.9%). Mask was the most used PPE by the farmer\u27s i.e. by 83% in overall. Fourty three percent of the farmer\u27s throw the pesticide containers in secret place after using of it.The use of PPE was seen lower in small holders as compared to the large holders. This study reveals the necessities of suitable program and policies regarding the knowledge, safe handling and use of pesticide among the farmer\u27s level
Effect of different spacing and mulching on growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Chitwan, Nepal
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is one of the most important vegetable crop of Nepal. Its yield and growth parameters are affected by different cultural practices. This study was conducted at Olericulture Farm of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during April 29 to July 9 of 2018. The field experiment was carried out in split plot design using three replications. The treatments consisted of three intra row spacing (30, 45 and 60 cm) and four different mulching materials (Silver plastic, Panicum repens, Lantana camara and bare soil). The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of various intra-row spacings and mulching materials on growth and yield of okra. The effect of mulching materials on okra yield was found significant. The okra yield was highest (8104 kg/ha) under silver plastic mulch followed by control (5161kg/ha), Panicum repens (3901kg/ha) and Lantana camera (3701kg/ha), respectively. Silver plastic mulch enhanced the growth parameters like canopy length, plant height, leaf number, leaf length, girth and yield of okra. The spacings provided non significant effect on okra yield, however the yield of okra was highest (7295 kg/ha) under 30Γ30 cm spacing followed by 45Γ30 cm (4660 kg/ha) and 60 cm Γ 30 cm spacing (3703 kg/ha), respectively. Combination of silver plastic mulch along with 30 cm Γ 30 cm spacing provided the highest okra yield. This study suggests that farmers of the Chitwan should grow okra at spacing of 30 cm Γ 30 cm and under silver plastic mulch to produce higher yield
Efficacy of fungicides in management of Downy mildew disease of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under open field conditions, in Dhading district of Nepal
Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) is one of the most important disease of cucumber under open field conditions. Hence, the experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of fungicides in management of downy mildew disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under open field in Chauradi-7 Dhading during spring season, 2019. Bhaktapur local variety of cucumber was used for the study. The experiment was laid out in single factor randomized complete block design with four replications. Three different bio-fungicides; Trichoderma viride + Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, Verticillium lecanii and one chemical fungicide; Krilaxyl (metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64%) were used as treatments. Normal water spray served as control. It was observed that bio-fungicides had insignificant effect in controlling the downy mildew. Pathological observation such as disease incidence percentage, severity percentage and AUDPC in bio-fungicides treated plots were not significantly different from water-sprayed control plots. Similarly, biometric attributes such as number of fruit, length and diameter of fruit, weight of fruit were also non-significant. Krilaxyl resulted significant effect in controlling downy mildew, providing maximum disease reduction (37.48%-50.72%) with lowest disease incidence (1.25-61.25%) and lowest value of AUDPC (138.7). Krilaxyl treated plots had higher number of fruit (6), longer length of fruit (17.15-18.95), higher diameter of fruit (4.16- 4.45 cm) and higher weight of fruit (677 - 759 g). Hence, chemical fungicide Krilaxyl was found better for the management of downy mildew disease in open field cucumber cultivation. Further, researches on bio-fungicides, especially of native strains are required for best result
Assessment of pesticide use in major vegetables from farmersβ perception and knowledge in Dhading district, Nepal
A field study was carried out to assess the pesticide use status in major vegetable crops from farmersβ perception and knowledge in Dhading, Nepal in 2019. Field study was carried with 100 commercial farmerβs using semi-structure questionnaire by face to face interview. This study was analyzed by categorization of farmers into small holder (51) and large holder (49) groups on the basis of mean area of vegetable cultivation (6.48 ropani). The highest amount of pesticides is needed in tomato in both large holders and small holders according to the farmerβs experience. Among the study farmerβs, 41% of them spray the pesticides by making a cocktail or mixed method and 56% follow the waiting period of 3-5 days in both of the cases. A significant positive correlation was found at 5% level of significance between the knowledge and practice pattern of waiting period of the pesticides and negative correlation was found between the Personal Protective equipment score and health hazard score. Headache was the major health hazards faced by the farmers which was higher in small holders (66.7%) as compared to the large holders (46.9%). Mask was the most used PPE by the farmerβs i.e. by 83% in overall. Fourty three percent of the farmerβs throw the pesticide containers in secret place after using of it.The use of PPE was seen lower in small holders as compared to the large holders. This study reveals the necessities of suitable program and policies regarding the knowledge, safe handling and use of pesticide among the farmerβs level
Effect of Different Spacing and Mulching on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus L.) in Chitwan, Nepal
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is one of the most important vegetable crop of Nepal. Its yield and growth parameters are affected by different cultural practices. This study was conducted at Olericulture Farm of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during April 29 to July 9 of 2018. The field experiment was carried out in split plot design using three replications. The treatments consisted of three intra row spacing (30, 45 and 60 cm) and four different mulching materials (Silver plastic, Panicum repens, Lantana camara and bare soil). The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of various intra-row spacings and mulching materials on growth and yield of okra. The effect of mulching materials on okra yield was found significant. The okra yield was highest (8104 kg/ha) under silver plastic mulch followed by control (5161kg/ha), Panicum repens (3901kg/ha) and Lantana camera (3701kg/ha), respectively. Silver plastic mulch enhanced the growth parameters like canopy length, plant height, leaf number, leaf length, girth and yield of okra. The spacings provided non significant effect on okra yield, however the yield of okra was highest (7295 kg/ha) under 30Γ30 cm spacing followed by 45Γ30 cm (4660 kg/ha) and 60 cm Γ 30 cm spacing (3703 kg/ha), respectively. Combination of silver plastic mulch along with 30 cm Γ 30 cm spacing provided the highest okra yield. This study suggests that farmers of the Chitwan should grow okra at spacing of 30 cm Γ 30 cm and under silver plastic mulch to produce higher yield
Π‘Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π² Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°
Background. Bone metastasis is very common in the advanced stage of numerous carcinomas. In penile carcinoma, lymph nodes metastasis is somehow common but it is very rare reported to be secondary from penile cancer. till the date, there are only few cases of penis carcinoma reported bone metastasis in literature worldwide.Case Presentation. Herein, We presented a 51-year-old Nepalese male with squamous cell carcinoma of penis. computed tomography (ct) scan of the patient revealed that there was carcinoma involving glans penis and precure with bilateral external & internal inguinal lymphadenopathies. After then, the patient was under gone for partial penectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy and complete 6-cycle chemotherapy. After one year of treatment, patient developed thigh pain and headache and he advised to have magnetic Resonance imaging (mRi) of brain, 99mTc-MDP whole body bone scan and ct scan of pelvis and thigh. The examination report reveals that there was a sclerotic change in vertex of skull bone and moderate 99mTc-MDP uptake in right proximal shaft of femur just below the neck d/d metastasis. The histopathological examination of the true cut biopsy taken from the lesion of the femur showed metastatic keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma which is rare case of femoral shaft bone metastasis secondary from penile carcinoma. Then patient was sent for surgical reconstruction of femur. Based on the case studies review femur shaft bone metastasis from penile cancer is extremely rare.Conclusion. The best of our knowledge; this is the first early detected bone metastases to shaft of the femur in a patient with penile cancer. early diagnosis helps to radical treatment as well as palliative treatment. surgery is the preferred option of the treatments, especially for metastatic foci in the long bones.ΠΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ. ΠΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ.ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Ρ 51-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ (ΠΠ’) Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°, Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ, Π΄Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ 6 ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΠ Π’ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°, ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ° Ρ 99mTc-MDP ΠΈ ΠΠ’ ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ°. ΠΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 99mTc-MDP Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π²Π·ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ°Π³Π° Π² Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π· ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ· Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°. Π Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π₯ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ°Π³Π°Ρ
Π² Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ
CSmetaPred: a consensus method for prediction of catalytic residues
Abstract Background Knowledge of catalytic residues can play an essential role in elucidating mechanistic details of an enzyme. However, experimental identification of catalytic residues is a tedious and time-consuming task, which can be expedited by computational predictions. Despite significant development in active-site prediction methods, one of the remaining issues is ranked positions of putative catalytic residues among all ranked residues. In order to improve ranking of catalytic residues and their prediction accuracy, we have developed a meta-approach based method CSmetaPred. In this approach, residues are ranked based on the mean of normalized residue scores derived from four well-known catalytic residue predictors. The mean residue score of CSmetaPred is combined with predicted pocket information to improve prediction performance in meta-predictor, CSmetaPred_poc. Results Both meta-predictors are evaluated on two comprehensive benchmark datasets and three legacy datasets using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Precision Recall (PR) curves. The visual and quantitative analysis of ROC and PR curves shows that meta-predictors outperform their constituent methods and CSmetaPred_poc is the best of evaluated methods. For instance, on CSAMAC dataset CSmetaPred_poc (CSmetaPred) achieves highest Mean Average Specificity (MAS), a scalar measure for ROC curve, of 0.97 (0.96). Importantly, median predicted rank of catalytic residues is the lowest (best) for CSmetaPred_poc. Considering residues ranked β€20 classified as true positive in binary classification, CSmetaPred_poc achieves prediction accuracy of 0.94 on CSAMAC dataset. Moreover, on the same dataset CSmetaPred_poc predicts all catalytic residues within top 20 ranks for ~73% of enzymes. Furthermore, benchmarking of prediction on comparative modelled structures showed that models result in better prediction than only sequence based predictions. These analyses suggest that CSmetaPred_poc is able to rank putative catalytic residues at lower (better) ranked positions, which can facilitate and expedite their experimental characterization. Conclusions The benchmarking studies showed that employing meta-approach in combining residue-level scores derived from well-known catalytic residue predictors can improve prediction accuracy as well as provide improved ranked positions of known catalytic residues. Hence, such predictions can assist experimentalist to prioritize residues for mutational studies in their efforts to characterize catalytic residues. Both meta-predictors are available as webserver at: http://14.139.227.206/csmetapred/
Additional file 1: Table S1. of CSmetaPred: a consensus method for prediction of catalytic residues
Datasets used in present work. List of pdb entries along with known catalytic residues from six datasets. (PDF 576ΓΒ kb
Current Scenario of Postcholecystectomy Bile Leak and Bile Duct Injury at a Tertiary Care Referral Centre of Nepal
Objective. With the adoption of safe cholecystectomy principles at an academic institute, the risk of major bile duct injury has decreased. This study aims at evaluating the present status of bile duct injury, compared to the study published in 2013 by index centre. Methods. This is a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of bile leak and bile duct injury from 2014 to 2019. Patients who completed postcholecystectomy bile leak or bile duct injury treatment and were on regular follow-up were included. Results. Eighteen patients (0.78%) among 2,300 consecutive cholecystectomies presented with bile duct injury, including 8 (0.35%) major bile duct injuries and 10 (0.43%) bile leaks compared to major bile duct injury rate of 0.68% (92/11,345 cholecystectomies) between 2001 and 2010. Injuries were classified as Strasbergβs type A (52.9%), type D (5.9%), and type E (41.1%). Eight patients (47%) of bile leak were managed conservatively with drains, while two required laparotomy and lavage. The mean time for spontaneous closure of bile leak was 11 days. Intraoperative repair was done in three cases: Roux en Y hepaticojejunostomy in 2 and end-to-end repair over T-tube in 1 for sharp transection of the duct. Delayed repair (Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy) was done in five patients. The median postcholecystectomy hospital stay was 8 days, with no mortality. There was no restricture at a median follow-up of 13 months. Conclusion. With the adoption of a safe culture of cholecystectomy, the major bile duct injury rate has decreased currently. Repair of bile duct injury by experienced hepatobiliary surgeon results in excellent outcome