An empirical study on Corporate Governance in Indian Banking Sector

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Self medication among medical and dental students in tertiary care teaching hospital of Udaipur, India

Background: Self‐medication involves acquiring and consuming medication without the advice of a physician and also resubmitting old prescriptions to purchase medicines. Inappropriate self‐medication causes increase cost of therapy and incidence of adverse drug reactions. Self-medication was significantly higher among undergraduate medical and paramedical students in India. Objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-medication and perception towards self-medication among the undergraduate medical and dental students.Methods: A pre-designed questionnaire collected the information pertaining to demographic details like age, gender, course, reason, pattern, indications, drugs used for self‐medication. It also included questions concerning their attitude, perception and safety regarding self-medication.Results: The prevalence of self - medication was 76.27%. Larger numbers of females were self-medicating (55.56%). The majority of the students’ self-medicated because of other advice (92.59%), there was statistically significant difference between the male and female medical students to use a previous prescription for the same illness. A total of 136 (76.83%) of the participants opined that self-medication was a part of self-care. Statistically significant differences between male and female students had been observed in safety variables like, “know side effects about your drug”, “increasing drug dose can be dangerous” and “in case of side effects physicians’ help must be sought”. Cold and Cough was the most common (60%) indication for self-medication.Conclusions: The prevalence of self-medication was higher among females. The majority of the students’ self-medicated because of other advice. The stringent policies should be required for medicines which can prevent the increasing trend of self-medicating

Analysis of spontaneously reported adverse drug reactions to pharmacovigilance cell of a tertiary care hospital

Background: The objective of the study was to study the clinical patterns, causality and severity of adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: Total 131 ADR forms were collected from January 2012 to December 2012 and evaluated. Patient’s characteristics, ADR and drug characteristics, causality, severity and preventability of collected ADR were analyzed.Results: Total 131 ADR forms were evaluated. Male patient experiencing ADR were more (73, 55.7%) than female (58, 44.2%). Adult patients (12-60 years) experienced 110 (84%) ADR followed by pediatric patients (60 years) 10 (7.63%). Antimicrobial were the most common group of drugs responsible for ADR followed by NSAIDs and antipsychotic group.Conclusions: Present study shows lack of awareness among health care professionals for reporting of an ADR. Training and collaboration of health care professionals are needed for improvement in ADR reporting. Appropriate feedback from ADR reporting will help in selection of drug and promotes safer use of drugs

Drug lag for antineoplastic and immunomodulating agent approvals in India compared with the US and EU approvals

Background: There is a tremendous amount of research being conducted on development of new drugs for cancer therapies. The drug development of cancer therapies has dramatically increased over the past few decades. The present study was undertaken to assess the drug lag for new antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents in India compared with that in the United States (US) or European Union (EU).Methods: The new drugs approved in the US, EU and India between 2011 and 2015 were identified and information was gathered primarily from the websites of regulatory agencies of the three regions. For the drug products identified, the drugs were classified into fourteen main Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) groups, review classification and approval date. We assessed the absolute and relative drug lag for new antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents approved in the three regions (with the ATC code L).Results: Of the 67 new antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents, 63 (94.02%) were approved in the United States, 58 (86.56%) in the European Union and 18 (26.86%) in India. The US was the first to approve 59 (88.05%) out of the 67 new antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents, the EU was the first to approve 7 (10.44%) and India was the first to approve 1 (1.49%). The median approval lag for India (18.36 months) was higher as compared to the United States (0 month) and European Union (6.02 months).Conclusions: This study confirms that India lag behind the US and EU regions in terms of total number of new drug approvals for antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents. There is a substantial approval delay in India compared to the US and EU regions. Further detailed analyses are necessary to find the reasons and impacts of drug lag for new antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents in India

Drug utilization pattern of antimicrobial agents in an outpatient department of otorhinolaryngology in a tertiary care hospital: a prospective, cross-sectional study

Background: Study based on antimicrobial drug utilization pattern and focus on factors related to prescribing, administering and its associated events. The aim of this study is to assess the prescribing patterns of antimicrobials, to assess the appropriateness of prescribed antimicrobials in an ear, nose and throat (ENT) infections.Methods: A prospective observational drug utilization study was carried out in otorhinolaryngology department for a period of 4 months. Patients who attended the ENT outpatient department (OPD) with ENT infections were included in the study and patients who were not willing to participate in the study were excluded and the data were analyzed.Results: Out of 155 patients, the average number of drugs per patient was 1.2. The percentage of drugs prescribed with the generic name was 26.32%. During this study, it was found that the most commonly prescribed groups of antimicrobials were penicillins (34.87%) followed by fluroqinolones (26.32%) and nitroimidazole (25%). During the study, it was observed that 46.71% patients visited for treating ear infections, 12.5% for nasal infections and 40.79% for throat infections. The routes of administration were oral (74.23%) and topical (20.10%).Conclusions: Our study shows some rational prescription patterns like less utilization of antimicrobials in ENT infections and were according to standard treatment guideline. The results of this study will be useful in future for making standard treatment guidelines. It also promotes the rational prescription and rational use of drugs

Comparison of new drug approval by regulatory agencies of US, EU and India

Background: As per World Trade Organisation (WTO), from the year 2005, India granted product patent recognition to all new chemical entities (NCEs). This may affect the new drug approvals in India. The purpose of this study was to compare the new drug approvals in India with the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) regions.Methods: We obtained information about regulatory approval of new drugs in the US, EU, or India of last 5 years (from 2011 through 2015) from the publicly accessible databases of three regulatory agencies. For the drug products identified, the drugs were classified into fourteen main Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) groups, review classification and approval date.Results: There were 509 new drugs approved from 2011 through 2015 by one or more of the three regulatory agencies. Total 182 new drugs were approved in US during the period of 2011 to 2015, with an average of 36.4 new drugs approved per year. For the same period a total of 257 new drugs were approved in the EU, with an average of 51.4 new drugs approved per year and in India a total of 70 new drugs were approved, with an average of 14 new drugs approved per year. There were more number of new drug approvals in antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (L) ATC group in all the three regions (US= 66; EU= 61 and India= 17).Conclusions: For new drugs approved between 2011 and 2015, India has lagged behind the US and the EU in approval of new drugs. There was no difference in the patterns of new drug approvals with respect to the therapeutic areas

Contemplation on new drug approvals by U.S. FDA, 2011-2015

Background: The U.S Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) is the world's leading drug regulatory authority. There are reports of more product pipelines in oncology therapy area. The objective of this study was to see the overall trends of new drug approvals by the U.S. FDA in last 5 years and find the therapeutic areas with higher new drug approvals.Methods: New drug approvals data obtained from publicly available databases of the U.S. FDA from 2011 through 2015. For the drug products identified, the drugs were classified into fourteen main Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) groups, single or combination products, New Drug Application (NDA) chemical types, review classification and approval date.Results: There were 182 new drugs approved from 2011 through 2015 by the U.S. FDA with a mean of 36.4 approvals per year. Out of these 182 new drug approvals, 149 (81.87%) approvals were for new molecular entity (NME) and 33 (18.13%) for biologics license application (BLA). There were more number of new drug approvals in antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (L) ATC group (n=66; 36.26% of total new drug approvals).Conclusions: For new drugs approved between 2011 and 2015, the U.S. FDA was first to approve majority of new drugs. There was upward trend of new drug approvals in antineoplastic therapeutic area

Genetic evaluation of Kankrej bulls by different sire evaluation methods

The genetic evaluation of Kankrej bulls was done by using three different methods viz., BLUP, Wombat sire, and Wombat animal models. First lactation 305-days yields of 348 daughters born to 9 sires and calved from 2016 to 2020 were used for the analyses. For BLUP analysis, season and year of calving were considered as fixed effects, and sire was considered as random effect. The overall average estimate of 2414.40 kg was obtained in BLUP method while 2430.29 kg was obtained in both Wombat sire and animal models. The results revealed that the Wombat animal model discriminated against the sires to the maximum extent followed by Wombat sire and BLUP models. Based on the results, two Kankrej bulls viz., K.8.32 and K.8.62 can be selected as proven bulls for nominated mating for improving the milk productivity of Kankrej cattle.

Evaluation of health status of Kankrej cattle using mini compton metabolic profile test and correlation with production status

The present study aimed to assess the changes in metabolite after adaptation of Kankrej breed of cattle from draught to milch purpose. The result showed the resistance power of alteration in metabolic values even after adaptation. Metabolic parameters can be measured to evaluate the health status of individual animal in herd by using mini compton metabolic profile test. Feeding management can be adjusted as per the data of metabolic profile to avoid incidence of metabolic diseases. Indigenous cattle breed is tough enough which resist the alteration in different metabolic parameters

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes – A qualitative assessment of symptom perception

© 2016Background A poor relationship between perceived respiratory symptoms and objective evidence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in athletes is often reported; however, the reasons for this disconnect remain unclear. The primary aim of this study was to utilise a qualitative-analytical approach to compare respiratory symptoms in athletes with and without objectively confirmed EIB. Methods Endurance athletes who had previously undergone bronchoprovocation test screening for EIB were divided into sub-groups, based on the presence or absence of EIB ± heightened self-report of dyspnoea: (i) EIB-Dys- (ii) EIB + Dys+ (iii) EIB + Dys- (iv) EIB-Dys+. All athletes underwent a detailed semi-structured interview. Results Twenty athletes completed the study with an equal distribution in each sub-group (n = 5). Thematic analysis of individual narratives resulted in four over-arching themes: 1) Factors aggravating dyspnoea, 2) Exercise limitation, 3) Strategies to control dyspnoea, 4) Diagnostic accuracy. The anatomical location of symptoms varied between EIB + Dys + athletes and EIB-Dys + athletes. All EIB-Dys + reported significantly longer recovery times following high-intensity exercise in comparison to all other sub-groups. Finally, EIB + Dys + reported symptom improvement following beta-2 agonist therapy, whereas EIB-Dys + deemed treatment ineffective. Conclusion A detailed qualitative approach to the assessment of breathlessness reveals few features that distinguish between EIB and non-EIB causes of exertional dyspnoea in athletes. Important differences that may provide value in clinical work-up include (i) location of symptoms, (ii) recovery time following exercise and (iii) response to beta-2 agonist therapy. Overall these findings may inform clinical evaluation and development of future questionnaires to aid clinic-based assessment of athletes with dyspnoea