Standardization of surface potential measurements of graphene domains

We compare the three most commonly used scanning probe techniques to obtain a reliable value of the work function in graphene domains of different thickness. The surface potential (SP) of graphene is directly measured in Hall bar geometry via a combination of electrical functional microscopy and spectroscopy techniques, which enables calibrated work function measurements of graphene domains with values ~4.55+/-0.02 eV and ~4.44+/-0.02eV for single- and bi-layer, respectively. We demonstrate that frequency-modulated Kelvin probe force microscopy (FM-KPFM) provides more accurate measurement of the SP than amplitude-modulated (AM)-KPFM. The discrepancy between experimental results obtained by different techniques is discussed. In addition, we use FM-KPFM for contactless measurements of the specific components of the device resistance. We show a strong non-Ohmic behavior of the electrode-graphene contact resistance and extract the graphene channel resistivity

Private Colleges, State Aid, and the Establishment Clause

Using local scanning electrical techniques we study edge effects in side-gated Hall bar nanodevices made of epitaxial graphene. We demonstrate that lithographically defined edges of the graphene channel exhibit hole conduction within the narrow band of similar to 60-125 nm width, whereas the bulk of the material is electron doped. The effect is the most pronounced when the influence of atmospheric contamination is minimal. We also show that the electronic properties at the edges can be precisely tuned from hole to electron conduction by using moderate strength electrical fields created by side-gates. However, the central part of the channel remains relatively unaffected by the side-gates and retains the bulk properties of graphene.Funding Agencies|NMS under the IRD Graphene Project (NPL); EMRP</p

Comparative Study of Seismic Analysis of Pier Supported on Pile as per IRC:6-2017 and IRC SP:114-2018

This paper depicts the study of seismic analysis of reinforced concrete bridge piers as per provisions of Indian Road Congress (IRC) guidelines. Bridges are designed having two main structural elements named – “Superstructure” and “Substructure”. Superstructure consists of deck and supporting girder/truss system below deck. Substructure includes Abutments, Piers, Portals and Foundations. Amongst these, Abutments/Piers are crucial part of bridge. Therefore, as per the seismic design philosophy, it is necessary to study the seismic behaviour of bridge piers. With the advancements in technology and subsequent researches in Infrastructure fields, IRC guidelines are updated and revised time-to-time. Introduction of IRC SP:114-2018 guideline for earthquake forces in bridges is an example of such developments. In this research, seismic analysis of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) bridge pier is carried out as per provisions of prevailing guideline IRC:6-2017. Base shear value of IRC:6-2017 is compared with IRC SP:114-2018 which now supersedes seismic provisions of IRC:6-2017. For analysis, different span lengths of 25 m, 30 m and 36 m are used. To assess the impact of height of piers in earthquake analysis, various pier heights such as 10 m, 20 m and 30 m are assumed. The analysis is carried out as per Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method with consideration of different zones and importance of the bridge as per IRC guidelines. Effect of vertical ground motion is also considered in analysis. From analysis, it is observed that base shear and vertical forces have been increased remarkably as per IRC SP:114-2018 compared to IRC:6-2017

Pattern of adverse drug reaction in geriatric inpatients of medicine in a tertiary care center: a prospective observational study

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a major public health problem in older age. In order to better evaluate this problem, this study was designed to assess the prevalence and spectrum of ADRs in terms of frequency, type, severity and preventability in geriatric patients in medicine ward of Guru-Gobind Sing hospital, Jamnagar during 12 months study period.Methods: All ADR related patient’s necessary data was obtained and recorded on a pre- designed case record form (CRF). The data record includes general details e.g., name, age, sex, past and present history, general and systemic examination, laboratory investigation, diagnosis and treatment. Details regarding suspected medications, treatment given, and the outcome were documented with prior permission of institutional ethics committee.Results: Demographic analysis of prospective study revealed that out of 84 patients, 45 male and 39 were female. The patients had developed ADR within the age ranges of 31 (65-69) followed by 23 (75-79). The majority of ADR was vomiting and diarrhea 15 followed by chills 08 and cough 04. It is evident that antimicrobials 31 agents were mainly suspected followed by NSAIDs 18. According to WHO-UMC scale, the possible cases had a higher incidence 63, followed by probable 19 and certain 2. After estimating the severity by Hartwigs scale 79.8% were mild to moderate while 20.23% were severe in nature.Conclusions: Age is not an independent risk factor of ADRs and suitable monitoring and regular medication review can reduce the incidence of ADRs in geriatric people

Antibiotic Adverse Reactions and Drug Interactions

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) offers a unique insight into the nanoscopic scale domain structures of magnetic materials. However, MFM is generally regarded as a qualitative technique and, therefore, requires meticulous calibration of the magnetic scanning probe stray field (Bprobe) for quantitative measurements. We present a straightforward calibration of Bprobe using scanning gate microscopy on epitaxial graphene Hall sensor in conjunction with Kelvin probe force microscopy feedback loop to eliminate sample-probe parasitic electric field interactions. Using this technique, we determined Bprobe ~ 70 mT and ~ 76 mT for probes with nominal magnetic moment ~ 1 × 10-13 and &gt; 3 × 10-13 emu, respectively, at a probe-sample distance of 20 nm.Funding Agencies|Concept Graphene project||IRD Graphene project||MetMags project|||CSD2010-00024|</p