Struggling with a Gastric Volvulus Secondary to a Type IV Hiatal Hernia

Type IV hiatal hernias are characterized by herniation of the stomach along with associated viscera such as the spleen, colon, small bowel, and pancreas through the esophageal hiatus. They are relatively rare, representing only about 5%–7% of all hernias, and can be associated with severe complications. We report a 71-year-old veteran wrestler who presented to our department with a type IV paraesophageal hernia containing a gastric volvulus and treated successfully with emergency operation

Investigating the influence of the jet from three nozzle and spear design configurations on Pelton runner performance by numerical simulation

This paper reports the initial results of three dimensional CFD simulations of the jet – runner interactions in a twin jet horizontal axis Pelton turbine. More specifically, the analysis examines the impact of the nozzle and spear valve configuration on the performance of the runner. Previous research has identified that injectors with notably steeper nozzle and spear angles attain a higher efficiency than the industry standard. However, experimental testing of the entire Pelton system suggests that there appears to be an upper limit beyond which steeper angled designs are no longer optimal. In order to investigate the apparent difference between the numerical prediction of efficiency for the injector system and the obtained experimental results, four different jet configurations are analysed and compared. In the first configuration, the interaction between the runner and an ideal axisymmetric jet profile is investigated. In the final three configurations the runner has been coupled with the jet profile from the aforementioned injectors, namely the Standard design with nozzle and spear angles of 80° & 55° and two Novel designs with angles 110° & 70° and 150° & 90° respectively. The results are compared by examining the impact the jet shape has on the runner torque profile during the bucket cycle and the influence this has on turbine efficiency. All results provided incorporate the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model and a two-phase Volume of Fluid (VOF) model, using the ANSYS® FLUENT® code. Therefore, this paper offers new insights into the optimal jet – runner interaction

Experimental investigation and analysis of the spear valve design on the performance of Pelton turbines:3 case studies

The impact of the nozzle and spear valve configuration on the performance of a Pelton turbine is investigated both experimentally and computationally. A previously published computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study has shown that injectors with noticeably steeper nozzle and spear angles, 110° and 70° respectively, attain a higher efficiency than the industry standard 80° and 55°. As a result, three injector design cases were manufactured for experimental testing. Two of those cases were the standard (80/55) design, with nozzle and spear tip angles of 80° and 55° and the Novel 1 design (110/70) with nozzle and spear tip angles of 110° and 70° based on previously published CFD optimisation studies. These studies showed that increasing the nozzle and spear angles to the upper limit of the investigated test plan gave higher efficiencies. The response surfaces suggested that the optimum nozzle and spear angles could be even steeper. That is why, an additional case, a third design (Novel 2) with even steeper angles (150/90) was also manufactured and tested. The experimental tests were carried out in a single jet operation using the upper injector on the Gilkes Pelton runner with series Z120 buckets. The results show that two novel injector design cases produce higher efficiencies than the standard design, when tested with a Pelton runner. An important gain of about 1% in efficiency is achieved at the Best Efficiency Point of the turbine. Furthermore, the improvement is even more pronounced at lower flow rates, where the spear valve opening is smaller and the geometry of the injector has even larger effect. To discuss and analyse these experimental observations, a further 2D axisymmetric CFD analysis is performed. This analysis shows a similar trend to the experimental results. The CFD results show that the largest amount of energy is lost at the region upstream of the nozzle exit, where the static pressure is converted into the dynamic pressure. This conversion starts earlier in case 1, the Standard injector design, at about twice the distance compared to the Novel designs, cases 2 and 3. Consequently, the flow must travel in this region at an increased velocity and it is shown that this region is longer in the Standard injector. Hence, its friction losses are higher. However, the differences between the designs calculated in CFD are about a factor of 2 lower than the experimental results, indicating that the 3D secondary flow mechanisms arising from the geometry upstream of the nozzle and spear tip also affect the performance of the spear valve and the Pelton runner. The mismatch between the efficiency increase magnitude observed experimentally and modelled using the axisymmetric case suggests that the steeper angle injectors cope better with secondary velocities in the flow

Experimental investigation and analysis of three spear valve designs on the performance of Turgo impulse turbines

Several numerical investigations into the impact of the spear and nozzle configuration of impulse turbine injectors can be found in the literature, however there is little or no experimental data available for the effect on Turgo impulse turbine performance. A recent 2D numerical Design of Experiments (DoE) study found that much steeper nozzle and spear angles than the industry standard produced higher efficiencies. This work was extended to compare the performance of an industry standard injector (with nozzle and spear angles of 80° and 55°) and an improved injector with much steeper angles of 110° and 70° using a full 3D simulation of the injector, guide vanes and first branch pipe. The impact of the jets produced by these injectors on the performance of a Turgo runner was also simulated. The results for both CFD tools used suggest that steeper injector nozzle and spear angles reduce the injector losses, showing an increase in efficiency of 0.76% for the Turgo 3D injector. In order to investigate the numerical results from the previous studies further, three Turgo impulse turbine injectors were manufactured by Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon Ltd for testing on the 9” Gilkes HCTI Turgo rig at the Laboratory of Hydraulic Machines, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). The injector designs tested were the standard (80/55) design, with nozzle and spear tip angles of 80° and 55° and the Novel 1 design (110/70) with nozzle and spear tip angles of 110° and 70° based on previously published CFD optimisation studies. The optimisations in the previous studies showed that the nozzle and spear angles in the upper limit of the investigated test plan, which was much higher than current industry guidelines, gave higher efficiencies. The DoE response surfaces in that study suggested that the optimum nozzle and spear angles may be even steeper and therefore an additional, third design (Novel 2) with even steeper angles (150/90) was also manufactured and tested. This paper presents the experimental data obtained for the three injector designs which were tested in a Turgo model turbine at various rotating speeds and flow rates. The 70 kW Turgo was coupled to a 75kW DC generator which allowed continuous speed regulation. The inlet conditions into the Turgo model turbine were controlled by a high head adjustable speed multistage pump of nominal operation point Q=290 m3/h, H=130 m (coupled via a hydraulic coupler to a 200 kW induction motor) which pumped water from the 320 m3 main reservoir of the Lab. The tests were carried out in single jet and twin jet operation. Testing and calibration of all the sensors was carried out according to testing standard IEC 60193 Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines – Model acceptance tests (IEC 60193:1999). The results show that the Novel 2 injector performs best overall, which is consistent with the results obtained in previous 2D injector simulations. The achieved turbine efficiency with this injector is of the order of 0.5-1% higher than the Standard design, for both single and twin jet operation. The Novel 1 injector’s performance is between the Standard and Novel 2 injectors overall. Some images of the jets were also taken at various openings and are presented to qualitatively analyse the impact of each injector design on the disturbances on the outside of the jet. A further 2D axisymmetric CFD analysis is carried out to validate the measurements and to analyse the mechanisms which lead to injector losses. The results found that the majority of the losses occur in the region just upstream of the nozzle exit, where the static pressure is converted into dynamic pressure and the flow accelerates. In the Standard design, this conversion begins sooner and the flow travels over a longer distance at higher velocities leading to an increase in the losses. The CFD results found the differences between the designs to be smaller than the experiments however the trend of the results was similar, suggesting that the steeper angle injectors achieve higher efficiencies and better jet quality. The next stage of this research is to carry out a CFD analysis of the three injector designs in 3D, including the guide vanes and branch pipes, to investigate the impact of the steeper angles on the secondary velocities within the jet and the impact this has on the runner performance

Investigating the influence of the jet from three nozzle and spear design configurations on Pelton runner performance by numerical simulation

This paper reports the initial results of three dimensional CFD simulations of the jet – runner interactions in a twin jet horizontal axis Pelton turbine. More specifically, the analysis examines the impact of the nozzle and spear valve configuration on the performance of the runner. Previous research has identified that injectors with notably steeper nozzle and spear angles attain a higher efficiency than the industry standard. However, experimental testing of the entire Pelton system suggests that there appears to be an upper limit beyond which steeper angled designs are no longer optimal. In order to investigate the apparent difference between the numerical prediction of efficiency for the injector system and the obtained experimental results, four different jet configurations are analysed and compared. In the first configuration, the interaction between the runner and an ideal axisymmetric jet profile is investigated. In the final three configurations the runner has been coupled with the jet profile from the aforementioned injectors, namely the Standard design with nozzle and spear angles of 80° & 55° and two Novel designs with angles 110° & 70° and 150° & 90° respectively. The results are compared by examining the impact the jet shape has on the runner torque profile during the bucket cycle and the influence this has on turbine efficiency. All results provided incorporate the Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model and a two-phase Volume of Fluid (VOF) model, using the ANSYS® FLUENT® code. Therefore, this paper offers new insights into the optimal jet – runner interaction

Sciatica due to extrapelvic heterotopic ossification: A case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Sciatica is a common problem, usually caused by disc herniation or spinal stenosis. Low back pain is also present in most cases. When sciatica is the unique clinical finding, especially in young patients, extraspinal pathology should be investigated.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We describe a rare case of sciatica in a 32-year-old man, which was developed as a complication of post-traumatic pelvic heterotopic ossification. During the operation, the sciatic nerve was found to be bluish, distorted and compressed in an hourglass fashion around a heterotopic bone mass. The heterotopic bone tissue, 4 cm in diameter, was removed and the patient had fully recovered 3 months after the operation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In cases of sciatica without back pain, the possibility of direct pressure of the sciatic nerve from cysts, tumours or bone, as in the present case, should be considered.</p

Corrigendum to "Recognition motifs for importin 4 [(L)PPRS(G/P)P] and importin 5 [KP(K/Y)LV] binding, identified by bio-informatic simulation and experimental in vitro validation" [Comput Struct Biotechnol J 20 (2022) 5952-5961]

Nuclear translocation of large proteins is mediated through karyopherins, carrier proteins recognizing specific motifs of cargo proteins, known as nuclear localization signals (NLS). However, only few NLS signals have been reported until now. In the present work, NLS signals for Importins 4 and 5 were identified through an unsupervised in silico approach, followed by experimental in vitro validation. The sequences LPPRS(G/P)P and KP(K/Y)LV were identified and are proposed as recognition motifs for Importins 4 and 5 binding, respectively. They are involved in the trafficking of important proteins into the nucleus. These sequences were validated in the breast cancer cell line T47D, which expresses both Importins 4 and 5. Elucidating the complex relationships of the nuclear transporters and their cargo proteins is very important in better understanding the mechanism of nuclear transport of proteins and laying the foundation for the development of novel therapeutics, targeting specific importins

p-cymene impairs SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A (H1N1) viral replication: In silico predicted interaction with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and H1N1 nucleoprotein

Therapeutic regimens for the COVID-19 pandemics remain unmet. In this line, repurposing of existing drugs against known or predicted SARS-CoV-2 protein actions have been advanced, while natural products have also been tested. Here, we propose that p-cymene, a natural monoterpene, can act as a potential novel agent for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 and other RNA-virus-induced diseases (influenza, rabies, Ebola). We show by extensive molecular simulations that SARS-CoV-2 C-terminal structured domain contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS), like SARS-CoV, on which p-cymene binds with low micromolar affinity, impairing nuclear translocation of this protein and inhibiting viral replication, as verified by preliminary in vitro experiments. A similar mechanism may occur in other RNA-viruses (influenza, rabies and Ebola), also verified in vitro for influenza, by interaction of p-cymene with viral nucleoproteins, and structural modification of their NLS site, weakening its interaction with importin A. This common mechanism of action renders therefore p-cymene as a possible antiviral, alone, or in combination with other agents, in a broad spectrum of RNA viruses, from SARS-CoV-2 to influenza A infections

Aνεύρεση και μελέτη του μηχανισμού δράσης νέων μικρομοριακών ουσιών που δεσμεύονται στο μεμβρανικό υποδοχέα των ανδρογόνων, oxer1

The action of androgens is mediated mainly through intracellular androgen receptors, which belong to the nuclear family of receptors. These receptors are a set of transcription fac-tors that determine key cell processes. A recent study by our team identified an alternative an-drogen receptor on the membrane of prostate cancer cells, OXER1 (5-oxo-6E, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid receptor). It is a receptor belonging to the GPCRs family, which was iso-lated and characterized approximately 18 years ago. Prostate cancer is known to be one of the most serious hormone-dependent and hormone-sensitive tumors. Prostate cancer located in the male reproductive system and most types of this cancer develop slowly. Prostate cancer is also very metastatic and can spread to other parts of the body. Epidemiological data on prostate cancer show that it is the second most common cancer. Current treatments for this cancer are not fully effective. Natural products may have a pharmacological effect and a therapeutic bene-fit in the treatment of diseases such as prostate cancer. Compounds from nature can often be used as a starting point in the process of discovering new drugs. Many prostate cancer therapies aim to inhibit androgen receptor signaling because the role of these receptors in prostate cancer is extremely important. Also, the arachidonic acid signaling pathway plays a key role in carcin-ogenesis and for this reason many natural products have been tested as inhibitors in the signal-ing and metabolism pathways of arachidonic acid and its derivatives. Membrane androgen re-ceptors (mARs) are involved in the activation of various kinases and lead to processes that af-fect the growth and metastasis of cancer cells. Finding natural products as regulators of the ac-tion of membrane androgen receptors may be the key to inhibit carcinogenic processes. The research needs for a better understanding of the mechanism of action of androgens and finding new anti-cancer therapeutic targets and / or substances is extremely high. The aim of the disser-tation was to identify micromolecular compounds that will bind to the membrane receptor of androgens, OXER1 and will have a competitive effect such as testosterone, since this receptor induces the survival of cancer cells, and possibly explore them as anticancer agents. In particu-lar, OXER1 receptor is an oxo-lipid receptor that defines important functions in conditions such as inflammatory reactions and cancer. Our research team has shown that the OXER1 re-ceptor mediates the rapid effects of androgens, as testosterone binds to it and competes with the actions of its lipid ligand (5-oxo-ETE). The OXER1 receptor is involved in allergic responses that include eosinophils and basophils. In particular, it mediates the effects of 5-oxo-ETE on eosinophil chemotaxis, actin polymerization and L-selectin elimination. It is also involved in the proliferation and development of prostate, breast, kidney and ovarian cancers. OXER1 re-ceptor function has been linked to the inhibition of cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphoric acid (cAMP), because it binds to a Gαi protein, while at the same time leading to an increase in in-tracellular calcium. In addition, activation of the OXER1 receptor induces phosphorylation of various kinases such as PI3K, Akt and ERK1/2. To achieve this study, the following approach was followed, starting with the modeling of the interaction of OXER1 receptor with testos-terone and 5-oxo-ETE. Due to the large number of natural products studied, an algorithm was designed and developed, allowing the fast and accurate classification of the examined chemical molecules. Next, using the advanced bioinformatics tool, OXER1 competitors were identified. The tool was also used to study the interaction of other receptors / proteins. The selected mole-cules were analyzed by a wide range of bioinformatics tools. In vitro verification of the com-petitive properties of the selected compounds was performed in different cellular activities. The identified natural compounds, through bioinformatics methods, were tested in a number of cellular activities, related to the Gα and Gβγ activities of OXER1, such as cAMP, actin polymer-ization and their effect on calcium ion flow. In conclusion, the achievements of present thesis work are: First, a bioinformatic tool for the fast and accurate testing of different chemical compounds for their ability to act via OXER1. A tool that can be also used to study the interac-tion of other receptors / proteins (we present three different applications that verify its useful-ness). Second, nine compounds as antagonists of OXER1 with the best one verified in vitro, and finally more data on the signaling pathways triggered by testosterone via OXER1. All these support testosterone actions at the membrane level, via OXER1, and provide new tools and agents for possible novel therapeutic approaches in cancer.H δράση των ανδρογόνων διαμεσολαβείται κυρίως μέσω ενδοκυτταρικών ανδρογονικών υποδοχέων, οι οποίοι υπάγονται στην υπεροικογένεια των πυρηνικών υποδοχέων. Οι υποδοχείς αυτοί αποτελούν ένα σύνολο μεταγραφικών παραγόντων που καθορίζουν βασικές διαδικασίες του κυττάρου. Πρόσφατη μελέτη της ομάδας μας, ταυτοποίησε έναν εναλλακτικό υποδοχέα αν-δρογόνων στη μεμβράνη των καρκινικών κυττάρων προστάτη, τον OXER1 (5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid receptor). Πρόκειται, για ένα υποδοχέα που ανήκει στην οικογένεια των GPCRs, η απομόνωση και ο χαρακτηρισμός του οποίου έγινε περίπου πριν από 18 χρόνια. Είναι γνωστό ότι, ο καρκίνος του προστάτη αποτελεί μια από τις πιο σοβαρές ορμο-νοεξαρτώμενες και ορμονοευαίσθητες νεοπλασίες. Ο καρκίνος του προστάτη που βρίσκεται στο ανδρικό αναπαραγωγικό σύστημα και οι περισσότεροι τύποι αυτού του καρκίνου αναπτύσσο-νται αργά. Επίσης, οι καρκίνοι του προστάτη είναι πολύ μεταστατικοί και μπορούν να εξαπλω-θούν σε άλλες περιοχές του σώματος. Τα επιδημιολογικά δεδομένα του καρκίνου του προστάτη δείχνουν ότι είναι ο δεύτερος πιο κοινός καρκίνος. Οι τρέχουσες θεραπείες για αυτόν τον καρκίνο δεν είναι πλήρως αποτελεσματικές. Τα φυσικά προϊόντα έχουν αρκετές φορές φαρμακολογική δράση και μπορεί να έχουν θεραπευτικό όφελος στη θεραπεία ασθενειών, όπως ο καρκίνος του προστάτη. Οι ενώσεις που προέρχονται από τη φύση μπορούν συχνά να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως αφετηρία στη διαδικασία ανακάλυψης νέων φαρμάκων. Πολλές θεραπευτικές προσεγγίσεις κατά του καρκίνου του προστάτη στοχεύουν στην αναστολή της σηματοδότησης των ανδρογονικών υποδοχέων, επειδή ο ρόλος των υποδοχέων αυτών στον καρκίνο του προστάτη είναι εξαιρετικά σημαντικός. Επίσης, η σηματοδοτική οδός του αραχιδονικού οξέος παίζει βασικό ρόλο στην καρκινογένεση και για αυτό το λόγο πολλά φυσικά προϊόντα έχουν δοκιμαστεί ως αναστολείς στις οδούς σηματοδότησης και μεταβολισμού του αραχιδονικού οξέος και των παραγώγων του. Οι μεμβρανικοί υποδοχείς ανδρογόνων (mARs) εμπλέκονται στην ενεργοποίηση διαφόρων κινα-σών και οδηγούν σε διαδικασίες που επηρεάζουν την ανάπτυξη και μετάσταση καρκινικών κυτ-τάρων. Η εύρεση φυσικών προϊόντων ως ρυθμιστών της δράσης των υποδοχέων ανδρογόνων μεμβράνης μπορεί να είναι το κλειδί για την αναστολή καρκινογόνων διεργασιών. Η ερευνητική ανάγκη για καλύτερη κατανόηση του μηχανισμού δράσης των ανδρογόνων και ανεύρεση νέων αντικαρκινικών θεραπευτικών στόχων ή/και ουσιών είναι εξαιρετικά μεγάλη. Σκοπός της διδα-κτορικής διατριβής αποτελεί η εύρεση και η ταυτοποίηση μικρομοριακών ενώσεων που θα δε-σμεύονται στον μεμβρανικό υποδοχέα των ανδρογόνων OXER1 και θα έχουν ανταγωνιστική δράση όπως για παράδειγμα η τεστοστερόνη, διότι ο παραπάνω υποδοχέας επάγει την επιβίωση των καρκινικών κυττάρων, με τελικό στόχο την πιθανή χρήση τους ως αντικαρκινικά φάρμακα. Συγκεκριμένα, ο υποδοχέας OXER1 είναι ένας υποδοχέας οξο-λιπιδίου που ορίζει σημαντικές λειτουργίες σε καταστάσεις όπως οι φλεγμονώδεις αντιδράσεις και ο καρκίνος. Η ερευνητική μας ομάδα έχει αποδείξει ότι, ο υποδοχέας OXER1 διαμεσολαβεί ταχείες δράσεις των ανδρογό-νων, καθώς η τεστοστερόνη δεσμεύεται σε αυτόν και ανταγωνίζεται τις δράσεις του λιπιδικού προσδέτη του (5-oxo-ETE). Ο υποδοχέας OXER1 εμπλέκεται σε αλλεργικές αποκρίσεις που πε-ριλαμβάνουν ηωσινόφιλα και βασεόφιλα. Ειδικότερα, μεσολαβεί στις επιδράσεις του 5-οxο-ΕΤΕ στη χημειοταξία των ηωσινόφιλων, στον πολυμερισμό ακτίνης και στην αποβολή της L-σελεκτίνης. Εμπλέκεται επίσης στο πολλαπλασιασμό και την ανάπτυξη καρκίνου προστάτη, μα-στού, νεφρών και ωοθηκών. Η λειτουργία του υποδοχέα OXER1 έχει συνδεθεί με την αναστολή του κυκλικού 3’,5’-αδενοσινομονοφωσφορικού οξέος (cAMP), διότι συνδέεται με μία Gαi πρω-τεΐνη, ενώ ταυτόχρονα οδηγεί σε αύξηση της ροής του εξωκυττάριου ασβεστίου προς το εσωτε-ρικό των καρκινικών κυττάρων. Επιπρόσθετα, η ενεργοποίηση του υποδοχέα ΟΧΕR1 επάγει την φωσφορυλίωση διαφόρων κινασών όπως οι PI3K, Akt και ERK1/2. Για να επιτευχθεί η μελέτη αυτή ακολουθήθηκε η ακόλουθη προσέγγιση, ξεκινώντας από την μοντελοποίηση της αλληλεπί-δρασης του υποδοχέα OXER1 με την Τεστοστερόνη και τον 5-oxo-ETE. Λόγω του μεγάλου α-ριθμού των φυσικών προϊόντων που μελετήθηκαν, σχεδιάστηκε και αναπτύχθηκε ένας αλγόριθ-μος, επιτρέποντας την γρήγορη και ακριβή ταξινόμηση των εξεταζόμενων χημικών μορίων. Έ-πειτα, με την χρήση του ανεπτυγμένου εργαλείου βιοπληροφορικής πραγματοποιήθηκε η ανα-γνώριση των ανταγωνιστικών υποκαταστατών του OXER1. Παράλληλα το εργαλείο χρησιμο-ποιήθηκε για τη μελέτη της αλληλεπίδρασης και άλλων υποδοχέων/πρωτεϊνών. Τα επιλεγμένα μόρια αναλύθηκαν από μια μεγάλη σειρά βιοπληροφορικών εργαλείων. Στην συνέχεια πραγμα-τοποιήθηκε επαλήθευση in vitro των ανταγωνιστικών ιδιοτήτων των επιλεγμένων ενώσεων, σε διαφορετικές κυτταρικές δράσεις. Οι ταυτοποιημένες φυσικές ενώσεις, μέσω των βιοπληροφορι-κών μεθόδων δοκιμάστηκαν σε μια σειρά κυτταρικών δράσεων, που σχετίζονται με τις δράσεις Gα και Gβγ του OXER1, όπως το cAMP, ο πολυμερισμός της ακτίνης και η επίδρασή τους στην ροή των ιόντων ασβεστίου. Συμπερασματικά, τα επιτεύγματα της παρούσας διατριβής είναι: Πρώτον, ένα βιοπληροφορικό εργαλείο για τον γρήγορο και ακριβή έλεγχο διαφορετικών χημι-κών ενώσεων για την ικανότητά τους να δρουν μέσω του OXER1. Ένα εργαλείο που μπορεί επί-σης να χρησιμοποιηθεί για τη μελέτη της αλληλεπίδρασης άλλων υποδοχέων / πρωτεϊνών (πα-ρουσιάζουμε τρεις διαφορετικές εφαρμογές που επιβεβαιώνουν τη χρησιμότητά του). Δεύτερον, εννέα ενώσεις ως ανταγωνιστές του OXER1 με την καλύτερη που επιβεβαιώθηκε in vitro, και τέλος περισσότερα δεδομένα σχετικά με τις οδούς σηματοδότησης που ενεργοποιούνται από την τεστοστερόνη μέσω του OXER1. Όλα αυτά υποστηρίζουν δράσεις τεστοστερόνης σε επίπεδο μεμβράνης, μέσω του OXER1, και παρέχουν νέα εργαλεία και παράγοντες για πιθανές νέες θε-ραπευτικές προσεγγίσεις στον καρκίνο