10 research outputs found

    A sustainable bioprocess to produce bacterial cellulose (BC) using waste streams from wine distilleries and the biodiesel industry: evaluation of BC for adsorption of phenolic compounds, dyes and metals

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    BackgroundThe main challenge for large-scale production of bacterial cellulose (BC) includes high production costs interlinked with raw materials, and low production rates. The valorization of renewable nutrient sources could improve the economic effectiveness of BC fermentation while their direct bioconversion into sustainable biopolymers addresses environmental pollution and/or resource depletion challenges. Herein a green bioprocess was developed to produce BC in high amounts with the rather unexplored bacterial strain Komagataeibacter rhaeticus, using waste streams such as wine distillery effluents (WDE) and biodiesel-derived glycerol. Also, BC was evaluated as a bio-adsorbent for phenolics, dyes and metals removal to enlarge its market diversification.ResultsBC production was significantly affected by the WDE mixing ratio (0–100%), glycerol concentration (20–45 g/L), type of glycerol and media-sterilization method. A maximum BC concentration of 9.0 g/L, with a productivity of 0.90 g/L/day and a water holding capacity of 60.1 g water/g dry BC, was achieved at 100% WDE and ≈30 g/L crude glycerol. BC samples showed typical cellulose vibration bands and average fiber diameters between 37.2 and 89.6 nm. The BC capacity to dephenolize WDE and adsorb phenolics during fermentation reached respectively, up to 50.7% and 26.96 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry BC (in-situ process). The produced BC was also investigated for dye and metal removal. The highest removal of dye acid yellow 17 (54.3%) was recorded when 5% of BC was applied as the bio-adsorbent. Experiments performed in a multi-metal synthetic wastewater showed that BC could remove up to 96% of Zn and 97% of Cd.ConclusionsThis work demonstrated a low-carbon approach to produce low-cost, green and biodegradable BC-based bio-adsorbents, without any chemical modification. Their potential in wastewater-treatment-applications was highlighted, promoting closed-loop systems within the circular economy era. This study may serve as an orientation for future research towards competitive or targeted adsorption technologies for wastewater treatment or resources recovery

    Laser micro - machining of thin films for photovoltaic applications

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    Compared to traditional wafer-based crystalline silicon technologies applied in the P/V industry, monolithic integration of thin film technologies can lead to products of comparable performance but with significant manufacturing advantages: lower consumption of materials, fewer processing steps and easier automation and finally lower costs. Monolithic integration is required to achieve these advantages, since this eliminates multiple processing steps and handling operations during formation (growth) of the absorber and during module assembly. Laser scribing of thin films for P/V applications is the key step in moving from single cells to their monolithic integration into large-area panels. The basic cell layout is: a back contact electrode (molybdenum – Mo), a p/n junction consisting of the semiconductor absorber (Copper indium gallium selenide – CIGS) and the ZnSe layer, a top transparent electrode (Aluminum Zinc Oxide) and three patterning steps for monolithic integration.The aim of this thesis is the deposition of various types of thin films to develop a chalcopyrite-based solar cell, the growth of new materials and the study of their properties for the particular application, as well as to apply laser scribing on them. At the beginning, molybdenum thin films were grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) with an Nd:YAG laser system for its application as the metal back contact of a photovoltaic solar cell. The depositions were performed both on glass and PET type substrates at different pressures of buffer gas argon (Ar) (5, 10 & 15 Pa) which was used to prevent oxidation of the samples. These samples were examined for their morphological and mechanical properties. Subsequently, the electron beam evaporation method was used to deposit chalcopyrite thin films on glass substrates, which are used as absorbers. In order to study the impact of new materials in the composition of chalcopyrite and its properties, relevant for the P/V applications, we gradually replaced the selenium (Se) with tellurium (Te), in accordance with the stoichiometric formula CuIn0.7Ga0.3(Se1-xTex)2 for x∈ [0,1] with a step of x=0.2. Chalcopyrite thin films were deposited at six different compositions, followed by thermal annealing at four different temperatures in argon atmosphere. To our knowledge today, this type of chalcopyrite thin films have not been deposited and investigated for applications in the photovoltaic industry, this fact being the motivation for this work. The structural, morphological and optoelectrical properties of these films were studied extensively. To investigate the stoichiometry at various positions of the chalcopyrite thin films, we applied the Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy (LIPS) method and we recorded the laser-induced emissions of copper (Cu), indium (In) and gallium (Ga) emerging from the thin film samples. This method allowed us to study the stability of the ratios of these elements before and after the annealing process. This is the first step towards a quantitative elemental analysis of a multi-element thin film. Next, we studied the growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films, to be used as the semiconducting transparent window (front n-electrode) of the solar cell. ZnO thin films undoped or doped with indium (In) and aluminum (Al) were prepared a) by the Pulse laser deposition (PLD) method on glass substrates, and b) by the chemical sol–gel/spin-coating technique, deposited on glass substrates. For the PLD-grown thin films, we used an Nd:YAG laser system and the following targets: a pure metallic Zn target, a ceramic target In:ZnO and a Al:ZnO. For those films by applying the sol-gel spin coating technique, the precursor solutions for intrinsic and Al or In -doped ZnO were prepared by zinc acetate dehydrate, aluminium nitrate and indium acetate, while 2-methoxyethanol and 2-aminoethanol as the solvent and the stabilizer, respectively. The influence of the dopants and its concentration in the structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of the prepared thin films were investigated. To improve the optical properties of ZnO thin films, with the purpose to further increase the efficiency of the photovoltaic solar cell, the embedding of gold (Au) particles into the ZnO was examined. By the PLD method, tests were conducted for various deposition conditions first on glass substrates, to identify the most appropriate growth parameters, to reach the required specifications (small particles, high reflectivity). Subsequently, we used them to deposit Au particles on ZnO thin films. By applying the sol-gel spin coating method, was used a mixture of HNO3:HCl which was mixed with the solution of pure ZnO that we described previously, in doping concentrations of 3% and 5%. Finally, laser scribing of various types of thin films developed in laboratory and industrial samples of ZnO, received by Heliosphera Company was applied. For the laser scribing we developed an experimental setup, consisting of a Nd:YAG pulsed laser system (radiation wavelength 355 nm, frequency 2 Hz and energy density ~ 1,81J /cm²), various optical components (diaphragm, filters, lenses) for shaping and focusing the beam of the laser on the film sample, and a moving table on which the films were placed. During experiments, we systematically investigated the influence of the laser energy and table speed on the quality (width and depth) of the channel. The structure, the surface of the film and the channel characteristics were studied by optical microscopy, profilometry and Atomic Force Microscopy, respectively.Η χρήση λεπτών υμενίων στη φωτοβολταϊκή τεχνολογία γίνεται σε μία προσπάθεια για ελαχιστοποίηση του βάρους των χρησιμοποιούμενων υλικών και μείωση του κόστους. Παράλληλα, η εγχάραξη των παραγόμενων υμενίων αποτελεί το βήμα κλειδί για τη μετάβαση από μικρά και μεμονωμένα φωτοβολταϊκά στοιχεία στη μονολιθική ολοκλήρωσή τους, σε μεγάλης επιφάνειας φωτοβολταϊκά πλαίσια.Σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη των διαφόρων τύπων λεπτών υμενίων για τη δημιουργία ενός φωτοβολταϊκού στοιχείου χαλκοπυρίτη, η ανάπτυξη νέων υλικών και η μελέτη των ιδιοτήτων τους για τη συγκεκριμένη εφαρμογή, καθώς και η εγχάραξής τους με χρήση laser. Αρχικά, αναπτύχθηκαν με τη μέθοδο της Παλμικής Εναπόθεσης με Nd:YAG laser λεπτά υμένια μολυβδαινίου (Μο) με στόχο την εφαρμογή τους ως οπίσθια μεταλλική επαφή του φωτοβολταϊκού στοιχείου. Οι εναποθέσεις πραγματοποιήθηκαν τόσο σε υποστρώματα γυαλιού, όσο και σε εύκαμπτα υποστρώματα τύπου ΡΕΤ, για διαφορετικές πιέσεις αργού (Αr) (5, 10 & 15 Ρa) το οποίο χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την αποφυγή οξείδωσης των δειγμάτων. Τα εν λόγω δείγματα εξετάστηκαν τόσο για τις μορφολογικές όσο και για τις μηχανικές τους ιδιότητες. Εν συνεχεία, με τη μέθοδο της Εξάχνωσης με Δέσμη Ηλεκτρονίων εναποτέθηκαν λεπτά υμένια χαλκοπυρίτη σε υποστρώματα γυαλιού, τα οποία χρησιμοποιούνται ως απορροφητές. Θέλοντας να εξετάσουμε την επίδραση νέων υλικών στη σύσταση του χαλκοπυρίτη, αντικαταστάθηκε σταδιακά το σελήνιο (Se) με τελλούριο (Te), σύμφωνα με τον στοιχειομετρικό τύπο CuIn0.7Ga0.3(Se1-xTex)2 για x∈[0,1] με βήμα 0.2. Έτσι, παράχθηκαν λεπτά υμένια με έξι (6) διαφορετικές συστάσεις. Για κάθε σύσταση ακολούθησε θερμική επεξεργασία των λεπτών υμενίων και συγκεκριμένα ανόπτηση σε τέσσερις (4) διαφορετικές θερμοκρασίες σε ατμόσφαιρα αργού. Από τη μέχρι σήμερα γνώση μας, λεπτά υμένια χαλκοπυριτών τέτοιου τύπου δεν έχουν εναποτεθεί και διερευνηθεί για εφαρμογές στη βιομηχανία φωτοβολταϊκών, γεγονός που αποτέλεσε κίνητρο για την παρούσα εργασία. Μελετήθηκαν εκτενώς οι δομικές, μορφολογικές και οπτοηλεκτρικές ιδιότητες των εν λόγω υμενίων. Επίσης, εφαρμόζοντας τη μέθοδο της Παραγωγής Πλάσματος που Επάγεται από Ακτινοβολία Laser (Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy - LIPS) πραγματοποιήθηκε στοιχειακή ανάλυση των λεπτών υμενίων.Έπειτα, μελετήθηκε η ανάπτυξη λεπτών υμενίων οξειδίου του ψευδαργύρου (ZnO), με και χωρίς προσμίξεις άλλων στοιχείων, που αποτελεί το ημιαγώγιμο διαπερατό παράθυρο (πρόσθιο n-ηλεκτρόδιο) του φωτοβολταϊκού στοιχείου. Η ανάπτυξη των λεπτών υμενίων του ZnO έγινε α) με τη μέθοδο της Παλμικής Εναπόθεσης με laser (PLD) σε υπόστρωμα γυαλιού και β) με τη χημική μέθοδο του sol-gel spin coating. Για τις εναποθέσεις με τη μέθοδο της PLD χρησιμοποιήθηκε παλμικό Nd:YAG laser, μήκους κύματος ακτινοβολίας 355 nm, συχνότητας 10 Hz και οι εξής στόχοι: μεταλλικός στόχος Zn και κεραμικοί στόχοι In:ZnO (2%) και Al:ZnO (1.5%) που παρήχθησαν για λογαριασμό του Εργαστηρίου laser του Ινστιτούτου Θεωρητικής και Φυσικής Χημείας του Εθνικού Ιδρύματος Ερευνών (LATA/ΕΙΕ). Για τις εναποθέσεις τη μέθοδο του sol-gel spin coating, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν διένυδρος οξικός ψευδάργυρος (Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O), τριένυδρο νιτρικό αλουμίνιο (Al(NO3)39H2O) και οξικό ίνδιο (In(OOCCH3)3) αντίστοιχα. Ως διαλύτης και σταθεροποιητής του μείγματος χρησιμοποιήθηκαν 2-μεθόξυ αιθανόλη (C3H8O2) and 2-αμινο αιθανόλη (DEA) αντίστοιχα. Όλα τα λεπτά υμένια υποβλήθηκαν σε μετρήσεις για το χαρακτηρισμό τους αναφορικά με τις δομικές, μορφολογικές και οπτοηλεκτρικές ιδιότητές τους. Για τη βελτίωση των οπτικών ιδιοτήτων των λεπτών υμενίων του ZnO, με γνώμονα την περαιτέρω αύξηση της απόδοσης του φωτοβολταϊκού στοιχείου, εξετάστηκε η εναπόθεση σωματιδίων χρυσού (Au). Με τη μέθοδο της PLD, έγιναν δοκιμές για διάφορες συνθήκες εναπόθεσης των σωματιδίων πάνω σε υπόστρωμα γυαλιού και αφού ταυτοποιήθηκαν οι καταλληλότερες συνθήκες σύμφωνα με τις τιθέμενες προδιαγραφές (μικρού μεγέθους σωματίδια, υψηλής ανακλαστικότητας), πραγματοποιήθηκε εναπόθεση αυτών πάνω στα προπαραχθέντα λεπτά υμένια ZnO. Με τη μέθοδο του sol-gel spin coating, χρησιμοποιήθηκε μίγμα HNO3:HCl το οποίο αναμείχθηκε με το διάλυμα του ZnO σε περιεκτικότητες 3% και 5%. Τέλος, πραγματοποιήθηκε η μικρο – κατεργασία των διαφόρων τύπων λεπτών υμενίων που αναπτύξαμε στο εργαστήριο, καθώς και σε βιομηχανικά δείγματα ZnO της εταιρείας παραγωγής φωτοβολταϊκών Heliosphera. Για την εγχάραξή τους αναπτύχθηκε πειραματική διάταξη αποτελούμενη από ένα παλμικό Nd:YAG laser (μήκους κύματος ακτινοβολίας 355 nm, συχνότητας 2 Hz και πυκνότητας ενέργειας ~1,81J/cm²), διάφορα οπτικά εξαρτήματα (διάφραγμα, φίλτρα, φακοί) για τη μορφοποίηση και εστίαση της δέσμης του laser και μία κινούμενη τράπεζα πάνω στην οποία τοποθετούνταν τα υμένια. Κατά τη διάρκεια των πειραμάτων διερευνήθηκε συστηματικά η επίδραση της ενέργειας του laser και των οπτικών εξαρτημάτων στην ποιότητα και το πλάτος του καναλιού. Η δομή και η επιφάνεια του υμενίου και των καναλιών αντίστοιχα μελετήθηκαν με οπτικό μικροσκόπιο, προφιλόμετρο και AFM

    Comparative Studies of Undoped/Al-Doped/In-Doped ZnO Transparent Conducting Oxide Thin Films in Optoelectronic Applications

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    In this paper, undoped, Al-, and In-doped zinc oxide thin films were deposited. Film growth was performed using the sol–gel technique. The method included (a) preparing homogeneous and stable solutions of zinc acetate 2-hydrate, (b) mixing them with aluminum nitrate and indium acetate in 2-methoxyethanol and 2-aminoethanol solutions with various concentrations, and (c) spin coating them onto transparent glass substrates. After thermal annealing, the films showed a high transparency (80–90%) and good stability. Using typical diagnostic tools, the structural, morphological, optical, and electrical film properties were investigated and linked to the dopant type, and concentrations in view of optoelectronics were investigated

    Comparative Studies of Undoped/Al-Doped/In-Doped ZnO Transparent Conducting Oxide Thin Films in Optoelectronic Applications

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    In this paper, undoped, Al-, and In-doped zinc oxide thin films were deposited. Film growth was performed using the sol–gel technique. The method included (a) preparing homogeneous and stable solutions of zinc acetate 2-hydrate, (b) mixing them with aluminum nitrate and indium acetate in 2-methoxyethanol and 2-aminoethanol solutions with various concentrations, and (c) spin coating them onto transparent glass substrates. After thermal annealing, the films showed a high transparency (80–90%) and good stability. Using typical diagnostic tools, the structural, morphological, optical, and electrical film properties were investigated and linked to the dopant type, and concentrations in view of optoelectronics were investigated

    Development of a Multi-Enzymatic Approach for the Modification of Biopolymers with Ferulic Acid

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    A series of polymers, including chitosan (CS), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and a chitosan–gelatin (CS–GEL) hybrid polymer, were functionalized with ferulic acid (FA) derived from the enzymatic treatment of arabinoxylan through the synergistic action of two enzymes, namely, xylanase and feruloyl esterase. Subsequently, the ferulic acid served as the substrate for laccase from Agaricus bisporus (AbL) in order to enzymatically functionalize the above-mentioned polymers. The successful grafting of the oxidized ferulic acid products onto the different polymers was confirmed through ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Additionally, an enhancement of the antioxidant properties of the functionalized polymers was observed according to the DDPH and ABTS protocols. Finally, the modified polymers exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against bacterial populations of Escherichia coli BL21DE3 strain, suggesting their potential application in pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical and food industries

    Far-Red to Near Infrared Emissive Aqueous Nanoparticles Based on a New Organic Material with Three BODIPY Dyes at the Periphery of the Core: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study

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    A new organic material with three 4,4-difluoro-4-borata-3a-azonia-4a-aza-s-indacene dyes (BODIPYs) at the periphery of the central core is successfully synthesized (3BDP3T) and its corresponding aqueous nanoparticles are prepared via the encapsulation approach and characterized in detail both experimentally and theoretically with the aid of the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The linear and non-linear optical properties of the synthesized material are also studied. Until now, the development of organic materials with three BODIPYs as substituents is limited and their properties are not fully resolved. The obtained 3BDP3T-based nanoparticles exhibit far-red and near infrared (NIR) emission with photoluminescence quantum yields of 0.021, which is promising as a new fluorescent contrast agent in the far-red and NIR spectral regions
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