Pengangkatan Wali Bagi Anak Ditinjau dari Hukum Islam dan Hukum Nasional

Dalam Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974, perwalian diatur dalam Pasal 50 ayat (1): Anak yang belum mencapai 18 ( delapan belas ) tahun atau belum pernah melangsungkan perkawinan, yang tidak berada di bawah kekuasaan orang tua, berada di bawah kekuasaan wali; ayat (2): Perwalian itu mengenai pribadi anak yang bersangkutan maupun harta benda. Untuk menjadi seorang wali si anak diperlukan beberapa syarat agar wali yang akan menjaga anak tersebut bisa menjaga kepentingan si anak dan melindungi anak dari segala yang membahayakan. Menurut Undang-undang ada 3 jenis perwalian, yakni: Perwalian menurut undang-undang yang diatur di dalam Pasal 345 KUH Perdata, Perwalian yang dengan wasiat diatur di dalam Pasal 355 KUH Perdata, Perwalian dalil diatur dalam Pasal 359 KUH Perdata. Dalam hukum Islam “perwalian” terbagi dalam tiga kelompo

Widespread use of herbal medicines by people living with human immunodeficiency virus and contamination of herbal medicines with antiretrovirals in Nigeria.

Herbal medication use amongst people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) is widespread and understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of herbal medicine use amongst PLWH and possible contamination with antiretrovirals (ARVs). Countrywide collection of herbal samples sold by street vendors in Nigeria for the following indications: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immune deficiency syndrome, fever and general weakness. Samples were screened using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method for the presence of the following ARVs: efavirenz, nevirapine, lopinavir, darunavir, ritonavir, atazanavir, emtricitabine, tenofovir and lamivudine. A survey was conducted among 742 PLWH attending four HIV clinics in Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using IBM SPSS statistics version 22.0 (IBM Corp., 2013, Armond, NY). Of the 138 herbal medicines sampled, three (2%) contained detectable levels of tenofovir, emtricitabine and/or lamivudine. Additionally, of the 742 PLWH surveyed, 310 (41.8%) reported herbal medicine use. Among the users, 191 (61.6%) started taking herbals after commencing HIV therapy while herbal medicine use preceded ARVs treatment in 119 (38.4%) PLWH. We found herbal use to be widespread among PLWH in Nigeria, with increasing use after commencing ARV. Three herbal preparations were also found to contain detectable levels of ARVs. This is a concern and should be studied widely across the region and countries where herbal medicine use is prevalent and poorly regulated

Widespread Presence of Human BOULE Homologs among Animals and Conservation of Their Ancient Reproductive Function

Sex-specific traits that lead to the production of dimorphic gametes, sperm in males and eggs in females, are fundamental for sexual reproduction and accordingly widespread among animals. Yet the sex-biased genes that underlie these sex-specific traits are under strong selective pressure, and as a result of adaptive evolution they often become divergent. Indeed out of hundreds of male or female fertility genes identified in diverse organisms, only a very small number of them are implicated specifically in reproduction in more than one lineage. Few genes have exhibited a sex-biased, reproductive-specific requirement beyond a given phylum, raising the question of whether any sex-specific gametogenesis factors could be conserved and whether gametogenesis might have evolved multiple times. Here we describe a metazoan origin of a conserved human reproductive protein, BOULE, and its prevalence from primitive basal metazoans to chordates. We found that BOULE homologs are present in the genomes of representative species of each of the major lineages of metazoans and exhibit reproductive-specific expression in all species examined, with a preponderance of male-biased expression. Examination of Boule evolution within insect and mammalian lineages revealed little evidence for accelerated evolution, unlike most reproductive genes. Instead, purifying selection was the major force behind Boule evolution. Furthermore, loss of function of mammalian Boule resulted in male-specific infertility and a global arrest of sperm development remarkably similar to the phenotype in an insect boule mutation. This work demonstrates the conservation of a reproductive protein throughout eumetazoa, its predominant testis-biased expression in diverse bilaterian species, and conservation of a male gametogenic requirement in mice. This shows an ancient gametogenesis requirement for Boule among Bilateria and supports a model of a common origin of spermatogenesis

Directed Assembly of End-Functionalized Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Segments

A key impediment to the implementation of a nanoelectronics technology based on single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is the inability to arrange them in a manner suitable for integration into complex circuits. As a step toward addressing this problem, we explore the binding of fixed-length, end-functionalized SWCNT segments to lithographically defined nanoscale anchors, such that individual SWCNTs can be placed with control over position and orientation. Both monovalent and bivalent bindings are explored using covalent and noncovalent binding chemistries. Placement efficiency is assessed in terms of overall yield of SWCNT binding, as well as binding specificity and the degree of nonspecific binding. Placement yields as high as 93% and 79% are achieved, respectively, for covalent binding and for binding through DNA hybridization. Orientational control of the SWCNT segments is achieved with 95% and 51% efficiency for monovalent and bivalent bindings, respectively. This represents a new approach that could pave the way toward complex SWCNT devices and circuits