Classification accuracy increase using multisensor data fusion

The practical use of very high resolution visible and near-infrared (VNIR) data is still growing (IKONOS, Quickbird, GeoEye-1, etc.) but for classification purposes the number of bands is limited in comparison to full spectral imaging. These limitations may lead to the confusion of materials such as different roofs, pavements, roads, etc. and therefore may provide wrong interpretation and use of classification products. Employment of hyperspectral data is another solution, but their low spatial resolution (comparing to multispectral data) restrict their usage for many applications. Another improvement can be achieved by fusion approaches of multisensory data since this may increase the quality of scene classification. Integration of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and optical data is widely performed for automatic classification, interpretation, and change detection. In this paper we present an approach for very high resolution SAR and multispectral data fusion for automatic classification in urban areas. Single polarization TerraSAR-X (SpotLight mode) and multispectral data are integrated using the INFOFUSE framework, consisting of feature extraction (information fission), unsupervised clustering (data representation on a finite domain and dimensionality reduction), and data aggregation (Bayesian or neural network). This framework allows a relevant way of multisource data combination following consensus theory. The classification is not influenced by the limitations of dimensionality, and the calculation complexity primarily depends on the step of dimensionality reduction. Fusion of single polarization TerraSAR-X, WorldView-2 (VNIR or full set), and Digital Surface Model (DSM) data allow for different types of urban objects to be classified into predefined classes of interest with increased accuracy. The comparison to classification results of WorldView-2 multispectral data (8 spectral bands) is provided and the numerical evaluation of the method in comparison to other established methods illustrates the advantage in the classification accuracy for many classes such as buildings, low vegetation, sport objects, forest, roads, rail roads, etc

Personality Changes in College Women During Four Years of College Experience

Changes in the personality test scores of a group of college women over an interval of approximately four years were investigated. During the fall quarter of 1947 three hundred forty-four freshmen women in the Home Economics Division of Iowa State College were given Darley and McNamara\u27s Minnesota Personality Scale. During the winter of 1951 ninety-one of these women were retested with the same personality scale. The retested group included students who were still enrolled at Iowa State College and who submitted to the retesting

Measurements of the second hyperpolarizabilty of argon, methane, carbon tetrafluoride, and sulfur hexafluoride

The second hyperpolarizabilities {dollar}\gamma{dollar} have been measured at {dollar}\lambda{dollar} = 632.8 nm for argon (Ar), methane (CH{dollar}\sb4{dollar}), carbon tetrafluoride (CF{dollar}\sb6{dollar}), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF{dollar}\sb6{dollar}) by means of the dc Kerr effect in the gas phase. Measurements were made over a range of densities and extrapolated to the zero density limit. The results obtained have an uncertainty of 1.7%, 1.1%, 0.8%, and 0.5% for SF{dollar}\sb6{dollar}, CF{dollar}\sb4{dollar}, Ar, and CH{dollar}\sb4{dollar}, respectively. A comparison with other dc Kerr results shows our results to be the most accurate to date, thereby providing a better standard for judging quantum chemistry calculations of {dollar}\gamma{dollar}. The difference between the dc Kerr and electric-field-induced second harmonic generation (ESHG) vibrational hyperpolarizabilities, ({dollar}\rm \gamma\sb{K}\sp{V} - \gamma\sb{E}\sp{V}{dollar}), has been determined for CH{dollar}\sb4{dollar}, CF{dollar}\sb4{dollar}, and SF{dollar}\sb6{dollar}. The result for CH{dollar}\sb4{dollar} is found to be in good agreement with recent calculations by Bisho

Alphabet-based Multisensory Data Fusion and Classification using Factor Graphs

The way of multisensory data integration is a crucial step of any data fusion method. Different physical types of sensors (optic, thermal, acoustic, or radar) with different resolutions, and different types of GIS digital data (elevation, vector map) require a proper method for data integration. Incommensurability of the data may not allow to use conventional statistical methods for fusion and processing of the data. A correct and established way of multisensory data integration is required to deal with such incommensurable data as the employment of an inappropriate methodology may lead to errors in the fusion process. To perform a proper multisensory data fusion several strategies were developed (Bayesian, linear (log linear) opinion pool, neural networks, fuzzy logic approaches). Employment of these approaches is motivated by weighted consensus theory, which lead to fusion processes that are correctly performed for the variety of data properties

Diffusion in alpha brass

The present investigation was undertaken for the purpose of determining the diffusion coefficients of radioactive zinc in copper and alpha brass single crystals at selected high temperatures. To carry out this program the author designed and constructed various pieces of equipment for the operations required in the investigation;A Bridgman furnace was built for growing single crystals. Approximately half of the runs with this furnace were successful in producing large single crystals of alpha brass. In the remainder of the runs either bicrystals or very coarse-grained polycrystals were produced. (Abstract shortened by UMI.

Superovulacijski odgovor prvog dana liječenja i njegova povezanost s veličinom i položajem jajnika kod visokoproizvodnih mliječnih krava.

The aim of this research was to determine the relation between the size of ovaries, their topographic position, ovarian structures (follicles (F) and corpora lutea (CL)) before superovulatory treatment and the superovulatory response and embryo yield. Holsteinized dairy cows (32) were treated for superovulation with Pluset® (Laboratorios Calier, S.A., Barselona, Spain). On Day 1 of the superovulatory treatment and during the procedure to recover the embryos, we examined the ovaries of donors with an ultrasound scanner. The ovaries were divided into 3 groups according to their size. Group 1 ovaries (1112.0 mm2) were 25 % larger than Group 2 ovaries, the area of which varied from 668.0 to 1112.0 mm2 (mean, 890.0 mm2 ± 25 %). After superovulation, the mean area of the right side ovaries (RSO) (3147.61 ± 106.6 mm2) was by 27.3 % (P0.05) compared with the LSO. The most intense response to the superovulatory treatment by ovary size was observed in Group 1 ovaries: the RSO increased by 5.5 times and the LSO by 4.8 times, but according to the absolute measure, the greatest increase was observed in Group 3, where ovaries on both sides increased 2.4 times. According to the number of CL, Group 1 RSO donors showed a 2.3 times (P1112,0 mm2) više od 25 % veći od jajnika skupine 2. Nakon postupka superovulacije, srednja veličina (3147,61 ± 106,6 mm2) desnih jajnika (DJ) bila je 27,3 % (P0,05) u usporedbi sa LJ. Najintenzivniji superovulacijski odgovor s obzirom na veličinu jajnika opažen je u skupini 1: kod DJ povećanje je bilo 5,5, a kod LJ 4,8 puta, ali s obzirom na apsolutne mjere, najveći porast opažen je u skupini 3 u kojoj su jajnici s obje strane povećani 2,4 puta. S obzirom na broj CL, skupina 1 DJ davateljica pokazala je 2,3 puta (P<0,05) slabiji superovulacijski odgovor u usporedbi sa skupinom 3 DJ davateljica. Broj dobivenih embrija (9,8 ± 2,2) bio je 3,6 puta (P<0,05) veći među davateljicama 3 DJ skupine prije superovulacije u usporedbi sa davateljicama skupine 1 DJ (2,7 ± 0.5). Kod krava skupine 3 DJ, broj prenosivih embrija (6,3 ± 0,6) bio je 3,2 puta (P<0,05) veći u usporedbi s kravama davateljicama skupine 1 DJ (2,0 ± 0,3). Žuta tijela u DJ su pokazala signifikantni utjecaj od 85 % (P<0,05) na dobivanje embrija u usporedbi sa samo 30 % (P<0,05) u LJ

The TerraSAR-X Traffic Monitoring System

The presentation gives an overview about the TerraSAR-X traffic monitoring project at DLR. The tasks of the "traffic processor" and the overall ground segment are described. Results from first airborne campaigns are presented including the monitoring of a traffic jam on a motorway near Munich / Germany. Furthermore radar cross sections of passenger cars are presented

Određivanje optimalne veličine folikula za dobivanje najkvalitetnijih oocita za in vitro oplodnju

The aim of this study was to determinate optimal follicular size for collection of high quality oocytes, and the subsequent capacity of the oocyte to mature and be fertilized and to develop in vitro. The ovaries of dairy cows were cut out immediately after slaughter and transported within one hour. The follicles were separated and divided into three groups according to diameter, i.e. small (3-5 mm), medium-size (6-9 mm), large (10-20 mm). Quality grading (A, B, C, D) of the oocytes was performed on the basis of cumulus cell development and homogeneity of cytoplasm. A total of 284 COCs were aspirated from 123 ovaries. Among 143 COCs, 236 were grades A and B and 48 were grades C and D. The maturation rate of the oocytes from medium size follicles A and B grade was 56.01% better than C and D grade. Only A and B graded oocytes were fertilized in vitro with 1×106 sperm/mL using Fert-TL, with 0.3% BSA, 22 μg/mL sodium pyruvate, 10 μg/mL heparin. The cleavage rate in the small follicle oocytes was significantly lower (35.89%) than in the medium-size follicle oocytes (56.41%), and a similar trend was observed in the morula development rates, independent of the oocyte grade. Good quality oocytes received from medium size follicles, and oocytes with more than three complete layers of cumulus cells (Grades A and B) have better competence for in vitro maturation and cleavage.Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je odrediti optimalnu veličinu folikula kako bi se prikupile oocite visoke kvalitete s obzirom na visoki kapacitete za sazrijevanje, oplodnju i razvoj in vitro. Jajnici krava mliječne pasmine izrezani su odmah nakon klanja i prevezeni unutar sat vremena. Folikuli su izdvojeni i podijeljeni u tri skupine s obzirom na njihov promjer: u skupinu malih folikula (3 - 5 mm), skupinu folikula srednje veličine (6 - 9 mm) i skupinu velikih folikula (10 - 20 mm). Stupnjevanje kvalitete oocita (A, B, C, D) učinjeno je na temelju razvoja kumulusnih stanica i homogenosti citoplazme. Aspirirane su ukupno 284 kumulusne oocite iz 123 jajnika. Od ukupno 284 kumulusne oocite njih 236 bilo je A i B-stupnja, a 48 ih je bilo C i D-stupnja. Sazrijevanje oocita iz skupine folikula srednje veličine A i B-stupnja bilo je 56,01 % bolje od onih stupnja C i D. Samo su oocite A i B-stupnja oplođene in vitro s 1×106 sperme po mililitru uz upotrebu Fert-TL-a, s 0,3 % Bovine Serum Albumin-a, 22 μg/mL natrijeva piruvata i 10 μg/mL heparina. Brazdanje oocita dobivenih iz folikula male veličine bilo je znakovito niže (35,89 %) nego u skupini folikula srednje veličine (56,41 %), a slično je uočeno i u razvoju morula, neovisno o kvaliteti oocita. Zaključeno je da oocite dobre kvalitete dobivene u skupini folikula srednje veličine, oocite s više od tri cjelovita sloja kumulusnih stanica (stupnjevi A i B) imaju veće šanse za sazrijevanje in vitro i brazdanje