Alterations in Energy Partitioning and Methane Emissions in Murciano-Granadina Goats Fed Orange Leaves and Rice Straw as a Replacement for Beet Pulp and Barley Straw

[EN] Reducing methane emissions in ruminants with the recycling of agro-industrial by-products is of great importance today. Pruning waste from citrus trees is currently burned or incorporated into soil. Regarding rice straw, this waste is traditionally eliminated through controlled burning, releasing into the atmosphere large amounts of greenhouse gases as well. The aim of this study was to convert this recovered waste into a new animal feed capable of reducing methane emissions in ruminants. The interest in use waste by-products for ruminant nutrition is increasing. Therefore, we replace the beet pulp and cereal straw from dry-non-pregnant goats' diet with orange leaves and rice straw with the objective of studying their effect upon intake, digestibility, energy efficiency, carbon and nitrogen balance, and methane emissions. Considering the huge quantities of crops by-products and pruning waste such as rice straw and citrus leaves produced annually worldwide, and their potential pollution capacity, recycling as feed for livestock is an alternative. The objective was to study these by-products effect on energy balance and methane emissions in 10 Murciano-Granadina goats at maintenance. The control diet (CTR) included barley straw and beet pulp while the experimental diet (ORG) consisted of rice straw and orange leaves. Differences were found for energy intake (248 kJ/kg of BW0.75 greater for CTR than ORG). The intake of metabolizable energy was 199 kJ/kg of BW0.75 lower in ORG than CTR, and the energy efficiency was higher with CTR (0.61) than ORG (0.48). Protein retained in the body was 9 g/goat greater with CTR than ORG, and fat retention in the body was approximately 108 g/goat greater with CTR than ORG. Despite more unfavorable energy balance in response to feeding ORG than CTR, the retention of body energy was always positive. Reductions in CH4 emissions were detected when goats were fed ORG diet (from 22.3 to 20.0 g/d). Overall results suggested that feeding orange leaves and rice straw was effective in reducing CH4 emissions without adversely affecting energy balance.This study was supported by LIFE Project, Spain (ref. LIFE2016/CCM/ES/000088 LOW CARBON FEED).Romero Rueda, T.; Palomares Carrasco, JL.; Moya, V.; Loor, JJ.; Fernández Martínez, CJ. (2021). Alterations in Energy Partitioning and Methane Emissions in Murciano-Granadina Goats Fed Orange Leaves and Rice Straw as a Replacement for Beet Pulp and Barley Straw. Animals. 11(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010038S11411

Kid growth comparison between Murciano-Granadina and crossed Murciano-GranadinaxBoer in a mixed rearing system

[EN] Usually, goat dairy farms have a major problem with the kids they produce for sale, due to their low average daily gain, high feed conversion ratio and poor body conformation, which leads to poor profitability. This paper proposes a solution by crossing the dams not used for replacement with males of a meat breed in a mixed rearing system. The results show that crossbred kids (Murciano-GranadinaxBoer) reached the minimum slaughter weight a week earlier than Murciano-Granadina purebred kids, and that there is a decrease of energy content in milk and in the consumption by the kids as their age increases, which shows the importance of having a concentrated feed that complements their needs to express all the genetic potential for growth observed in the references, especially in the crossing of these two breeds. In addition to this, farms that follow this strategy will also be able to improve their profitability through a higher quantity of milk sold. In dairy goats, the low average daily gain and the high conversion ratio for milk and concentrate of the kids mean that their sale price does not offset the costs generated. The hypothesis proposes that a crossbreeding of the Murciano-Granadina breed (MG) with the Boer breed (MGxBoer) will improve the profitability of the kids sold. Thus, the effect of two different groups of kids (purebred MG and crossbred MGxBoer) on birth weight (BW), mortality, average daily gain (ADG), the time for minimum slaughter weight (7 kg) and its variation factors were studied. MGxBoer kids had a 27% greater BW than purebred MG kids (2885 +/- 84 g and 2275 +/- 74 g, respectively), similar ADG (156 +/- 6 g and 142 +/- 6 g, respectively) and mortality (18% and 20%, respectively), and reached minimum slaughter weight a week sooner. ADG was less and less as the lactation period progressed due to a lower milk consumption and milk energy value, which highlights the importance of providing a concentrate that will compensate for this reduced energy content. In conclusion, the results show that MGxBoer crossbred kids reached the minimum slaughter weight a week earlier than purebred MG kids, and highlighted the improvement of farm profitability through the increase of milk sold and the need to provide a concentrate feed to enhance the growth of the kids.This research was funded by the project RTA2013-00107 (INIA) with ERDF funds.Fernández Martínez, N.; Palomares Carrasco, JL.; Pérez Baena, I.; Rodríguez Garcia, M.; Peris Ribera, CJ. (2021). Kid growth comparison between Murciano-Granadina and crossed Murciano-GranadinaxBoer in a mixed rearing system. Animals. 11(4):1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041051S1911

Effect of the rearing system on financial returns from Murciano-Granadina breed goats

[EN] In dairy goats, the kid rearing system can have critical importance in financial returns. Commonly used criteria for the choice of rearing system are not always clear due to the high number of factors involved. The aim of this study was to quantify all those factors to facilitate decision making. So, the effect of two different kid rearing systems, mixed (MRS) and artificial (ARS), on milk yield, milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC), milk yield loss at weaning for MRS, kid growth and costs of the different traits on the financial returns in Murciano-Granadina breed goats was studied. Twenty-four goats per group were used. In the MRS, goats reared only one kid, which had free access to goat milk 24 h a day and were weaned at week 6 of lactation, whereas kids in the ARS were separated from their mothers at kidding, colostrum and artificially reared. In both systems, dams were machine-milked once a day throughout lactation and the records took place weekly. Potential milk yield was estimated according to the oxytocin method up to week 12 of lactation, and was similar for both rearing systems, although a 12.3 per cent drop in potential milk yield at weaning was observed for MRS. During the first 6 weeks of lactation, marketable milk was lower for dams in MRS compared to those in ARS (72.1 versus 113.0 l), but similar for the rest of the experiment (101.5 versus 99.4 l, respectively). Marketable milk composition and SCC throughout the 12 weeks of lactation were unaffected by the rearing system. Artificial rearing system entailed an increment in production cost of 22.2 € per kid compared to the rearing by MRS. A similar economic return per goat and kid was obtained from ARS and MRS in this experiment, although, due to one herd¿s prolificacy of 1.8, the actual results would be 16.2 € per goat in favour of MRS. The real interest of this experiment may be the possibility of extrapolation to different flocks with diverse levels of milk production, prolificacy and prices and costs for incomes and outputs, to estimate the production system that increases returns. In conclusion, the results showed an increase in the cost of € 22.2 per kid bred in the artificial rearing system, compared to the mixed rearing system, and a final return of 16.2 € per goat in favour of the mixed system.This work was funded by the project RTA2013-00107 (INIA) with FEDER funds.Fernández Martínez, N.; Palomares Carrasco, JL.; Pérez Baena, I.; Rodríguez Garcia, M.; Peris Ribera, CJ. (2019). Effect of the rearing system on financial returns from Murciano-Granadina breed goats. Animal. 13(8):1730-1735. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118003336S17301735138Silanikove, N., Leitner, G., Merin, U., & Prosser, C. G. (2010). Recent advances in exploiting goat’s milk: Quality, safety and production aspects. Small Ruminant Research, 89(2-3), 110-124. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.12.033Doney, J. M., Peart, J. N., Smith, W. F., & Louda, F. (1979). A consideration of the techniques for estimation of milk yield by suckled sheep and a comparison of estimates obtained by two methods in relation to the effect of breed, level of production and stage of lactation. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 92(1), 123-132. doi:10.1017/s0021859600060573Delgado-Pertíñez, M., Guzmán-Guerrero, J. L., Mena, Y., Castel, J. M., González-Redondo, P., & Caravaca, F. P. (2009). Influence of kid rearing systems on milk yield, kid growth and cost of Florida dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research, 81(2-3), 105-111. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.12.007Ali, A. K. A., & Shook, G. E. (1980). An Optimum Transformation for Somatic Cell Concentration in Milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 63(3), 487-490. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(80)82959-6Peaker, M., & Wilde, C. J. (1996). Feedback control of milk secretion from milk. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 1(3), 307-315. doi:10.1007/bf02018083Baumrucker, C. R., & Blum, J. R. (1993). Secretion of insulin-like growth factors in milk and their effect on the neonate. Livestock Production Science, 35(1-2), 49-72. doi:10.1016/0301-6226(93)90181-gLabussière, J. (1988). Review of physiological and anatomical factors influencing the milking ability of ewes and the organization of milking. Livestock Production Science, 18(3-4), 253-274. doi:10.1016/0301-6226(88)90035-8Sanz B 2005. Tipo de alimentación, modo de encalostrar y estacionalidad de la paridera como factores condicionantes del crecimiento de los cabritos lechales de la raza Murciano-Granadina (Type of feeding, colostrum administration method and seasonality of births as conditioning factors of kid growth in Murciano-Granadina breed). In Proceedings of the XXXth Jornadas Científicas de la Sociedad Española de Ovinotecnia y Caprinotecnia, 28 September to 1 October, Granada, Spain, pp. 236–238.LABUSSIÈRE, J., COMBAUD, J.-F., PETREQUIN, P., & CHESNE, P. (1974). INFLUENCE DE LA FRÉQUENCE DES TRAITES ET DES TÉTÉES SUR LA PRODUCTION LAITIÈRE DES BREBIS PRÉALPES DU SUD. Annales de Zootechnie, 23(4), 445-457. doi:10.1051/animres:19740403Delgado-Pertíñez, M., Guzmán-Guerrero, J. L., Caravaca, F. P., Castel, J. M., Ruiz, F. A., González-Redondo, P., & Alcalde, M. J. (2009). Effect of artificial vs. natural rearing on milk yield, kid growth and cost in Payoya autochthonous dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research, 84(1-3), 108-115. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.06.014Eik LO , Eknœs M , Havrevoll Ø , Garmo T , Raats J and Ädnøy T 1999. Partial suckling during the grazing period as a management tool for improving the annual production patterns of goat’s milk in Norway. In Proceedings of the VIth International Symposium on Milking of Small Ruminants, 26 September to 1 October 1999, Athens, Greece, pp. 263–266.Fernández, N., Balasch, S., Pérez, I., Rodríguez, M., & Peris, C. (2013). Milk yield estimation during suckling using the double oxytocin injection-milking and the double weighing–suckling methods in dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research, 112(1-3), 181-185. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.12.023Gargouri A , Caja G , Such X , Ferrett A , Casals R and Peris S 1993. Evaluation of a mixed system of milking and suckling in Manchega dairy ewes. In Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on the Milking of Small Ruminants, 14–20 May 1993, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 484–499.Keskin, M. (2002). Effect of Rearing Systems on Kid Performance, Lactation Traits and Profitability of Shami (Damascus) Goats. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 22(2), 267-271. doi:10.1080/09712119.2002.9706409McCance, I. (1959). The determination of milk yield in the Merino ewe. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(6), 839. doi:10.1071/ar9590839McKusick, B. C., Thomas, D. L., & Berger, Y. M. (2001). Effect of Weaning System on Commercial Milk Production and Lamb Growth of East Friesian Dairy Sheep. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(7), 1660-1668. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74601-2McKusick, B. C., Thomas, D. L., Romero, J. E., & Marnet, P. G. (2002). Effect of Weaning System on Milk Composition and Distribution of Milk Fat within the Udder of East Friesian Dairy Ewes. Journal of Dairy Science, 85(10), 2521-2528. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74335-xPeris, S., Caja, G., Such, X., Casals, R., Ferret, A., & Torre, C. (1997). Influence of Kid Rearing Systems on Milk Composition and Yield of Murciano-Granadina Dairy Goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(12), 3249-3255. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76299-4Requena, R., Balasch, S., Peris, C., Rodríguez, M., & Fernández, N. (2010). Dose response of lactating dairy ewes during suckling and milking to bovine somatotropin1. Journal of Animal Science, 88(9), 3136-3144. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-2690Requena R , Molina P , Fernández N , Rodríguez M , Peris C and Torres A 1999. Changes in milk and cheese composition throughout lactation in Manchega sheep. In Proceedings of the VIth International Symposium on Milking of Small Ruminants, 26 September to 1 October 1999, Athens, Greece, pp. 501–506.Sanz Sampelayo, M. R., Hernandez-Clua, O. D., Naranjo, J. A., Gil, F., & Boza, J. (1990). Utilization of goat milk vs. milk replacer for granadina goat kids. Small Ruminant Research, 3(1), 37-46. doi:10.1016/0921-4488(90)90029-6Silanikove, N., Merin, U., & Leitner, G. (2006). Physiological role of indigenous milk enzymes: An overview of an evolving picture. International Dairy Journal, 16(6), 533-545. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.08.015Marnet, P.-G., & Negrão, J. A. (2000). The effect of a mixed-management system on the release of oxytocin, prolactin, and cortisol in ewes during suckling and machine milking. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 40(3), 271-281. doi:10.1051/rnd:200013

Use of orange leaves as a replacement for alfalfa in energy and nitrogen partitioning, methane emissions and milk performance of murciano-granadina goats

[EN] The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of substituting alfalfa with orange leaves on energy, nitrogen and carbon balance, methane emission, and milk performance in dairy goats. Ten Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in mid lactation (43.5 +/- 3.59 kg of body weight [BW]) were selected in a crossover design experiment, where each goat received two treatments in 2 periods. One group of five goats was fed a mixed ration with 450 g of pelleted alfalfa and 550 g of pelleted concentrate/kg of dry matter (ALF diet), and the other diet replaced alfalfa with orange leaves (ORG diet). Inclusion of ORG than ALF diet reduced (P = 0.041) dry matter intake. The metabolizable energy intake was identical between treatments (901 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average) and, the efficiency of metabolizable energy for milk production was 0.73. Retention of energy was lower (P = 0.001) in ORG diet than ALF diet. Carbon and nitrogen intake (P = 0.022 and P = 0.004, respectively) was greater for diet ALF than ORG, with no differences in milk carbon and nitrogen. The ORG diet reduced (P = 0.037) milk fat 3 g/kg, and CH4 (P = 0.001) 6 g/d. One of the milk fatty acids positively correlated with CH4 production was C16:0; it was greater (P < 0.05) in ALF than ORG diet. When CH4 was expressed over OM digestibility and milk basis, differences were preserved. Results suggest that orange leaves are effective in reducing CH4 emission without detrimental effect on nutrients balance and milk yield.This study was supported by HELIOTEC S.L., La Vall d'Uixo, Castellon de la Plana, Valencia, Spain, though LIFE Ecocitric Project and, LIFE2016/CCM/ES/000088 LOW CARBON FEED.Fernández Martínez, CJ.; Pérez Baena, I.; Martí Vicent, JV.; Palomares Carrasco, JL.; Jorro-Ripoll, J.; Segarra, J. (2019). Use of orange leaves as a replacement for alfalfa in energy and nitrogen partitioning, methane emissions and milk performance of murciano-granadina goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 247:103-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.11.008S10311124

Elección de los parámetros de ordeño en caprino

[ES] La elección correcta de los equipos y los parámetros mecánicos de la máquina de ordeño es de gran importancia, ya que es en este punto donde diariamente cada animal tiene que devolver, en forma de leche, todos los cuidados y las atenciones que se le han brindadoPérez Baena, I.; Martinez Galiano, A.; Martí Vicent, JV.; Palomares Carrasco, JL.; Rodríguez Garcia, M.; Peris Ribera, CJ.; Fernández Martínez, N. (2014). Elección de los parámetros de ordeño en caprino. Albéitar. (181):4-5. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/74663S4518

Involvement of the PI3K/AKT Intracellular Signaling Pathway in the AntiCancer Activity of Hydroxytyrosol, a Polyphenol from Olea europaea, in Hematological Cells and Implication of HSP60 Levels in Its Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Hydroxytyrosol (HT), the main representative of polyphenols of olive oil, has been described as one of the most powerful natural antioxidants, also showing anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardioprotective and anticancer activity in different type of cancers, but has been little studied in hematological neoplasms. The objective of this work was to evaluate the anticancer potential of HT in acute human leukemia T cells (Jurkat and HL60) and the anti-inflammatory potential in murine macrophages (Raw264.7). For this, cytotoxicity tests were performed for HT, showing IC50 values, at 24 h, for Jurkat, HL60 and Raw264.7 cells, of 27.3 mu g center dot mL(-1), 109.8 mu g center dot mL(-1) and 45.7 mu g center dot mL(-1), respectively. At the same time, HT caused cell arrest in G(0)/G(1) phase in both Jurkat and HL60 cells by increasing G(0)/G(1) phase and significantly decreasing S phase. Apoptosis and cell cycle assays revealed an antiproliferative effect of HT, decreasing the percentage of dividing cells and increasing apoptosis. Furthermore, HT inhibited the PI3K signaling pathway and, consequently, the MAPK pathway was activated. Inflammation tests revealed that HT acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing NO levels in Raw264.7 cells previously stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These processes were confirmed by the changes in the expression of the main markers of inflammation and cancer. In conclusion, HT has an anticancer and anti-inflammatory effect in the cell lines studied, which were Raw264.7, Jurkat, and HL60, and could be used as a natural drug in the treatment of liquid cancers, leukemias, myelomas and lymphomas.General Secretariat of Universities, Research and Technology of the Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment of the Government of the Junta de Andalucia, Spain BIO-15

Effect of lemon leaves on energy and C N balances, methane emission, and milk performance in Murciano-Granadina dairy goats

[EN] The objective of this experiment was to find out the effect of lemon leaves on energy and C-N balances, methane emission, and milk performance in dairy goats. Lemon leaves were used to replace alfalfa as forage in a diet for Murciano-Granadina goats. Ten Murciano-Granadina dairy goats (44.1 +/- 4.47 kg of BW) in late lactation (185 +/- 7.2 d) were selected in a crossover design experiment, where each goat received 2 treatments in 2 periods. One group was fed a mixed ration with 450 g of pelleted alfalfa per kilogram of DM (ALF diet) and, the other group replaced alfalfa with 450 g of pelleted lemon leaves per kilogram DM (LEM diet). The concentrate was pelleted, being the same for the two groups (forage to concentrate ratio was 45/55). The goats were allocated to individual metabolism cages. After 14 d of adaptation, feed intake, total fecal and urine output, and milk yield were recorded daily over a 5-d period. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded individually by an open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. Higher dietary lipids in LEM diet reduced DMI (200 g/d) and energy intake (251 kJ/kg of BW0.75), although no differences between treatments were observed for ME intake (998 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average) and oxidation of nutrients (64% and 25% for carbohydrates and fat oxidation, respectively, on heat production from oxidation basis). Greater (P < 0.05) milk fat values for C18:2n6t and CLA 9c11t + 9t11c were found in LEM compared with ALF diet. Goats fed LEM diet produced significantly fewer CH4 emissions than ALF diet (18%). Likewise, the use of lemon leaves as forage reduced the amount of CH4 in 2.7 g/kg of milk. Results suggest that lemon leaves are effective in reducing CH4 emission without detrimental effect on milk yield.This study was supported by HELIOTEC S.A., Vall de Uxo, Castellon de la Plana, Valencia, Spain, through LIFE Ecocitric Project, and LIFE LOW CARBON FEED PROJECT reference LIFE16/CCM/000088.Fernández Martínez, CJ.; Martí Vicent, JV.; Pérez Baena, I.; Palomares Carrasco, JL.; Ibáñez-Sanchis, C.; Segarra, JV. (2018). Effect of lemon leaves on energy and C N balances, methane emission, and milk performance in Murciano-Granadina dairy goats. Journal of Animal Science. 96(4):1508-1518. doi:10.1093/jas/sky028S1508151896

Replacement of alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa) with maralfalfa hay (Pennisetum sp.) in diets of lactating dairy goats

[EN] The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of substituting alfalfa (Medicago sativa) with maralfalfa (Pennisetum sp.) on energy, nitrogen and carbon balance, methane emission, and milk performance in dairy goats. Ten Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in late lactation (45.7 ± 2.96 kg of body weight[BW]) were selected in a 2-treatment and crossover design experiment where each goat received both treatments in 2 periods. One group of five goats was fed a mixed ration with alfalfa as forage (A diet) and the other diet replaced alfalfa with maralfalfa (M diet) in a forage concentrate ratio of 40/60. Diets were isoenergetic and isoproteic. The goats were allocated to individual metabolism cages. After 17 d of adaptation, feed intake, total faecal and urine output and milk yield were recorded daily over a 5 d period. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded individually by a mobile open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. Daily dry matter intake was higher on A than on M diets (1.8 vs. 1.6, for A and M respectively), but no differences was observed in metabolizable energy intake (1089 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average). Greater values in M than A were found in rumen propionic acid (17.5 vs. 15.6 mol/100 mol, respectively) and milk C15:0 (0.81 vs. 0.62 g/100 g), C17:0 (0.33 vs. 0.24 g/100 g) fatty acids, indicating predominance of amylolytic fermentation. Milk uric acid, a potential biomarker of rumen nitrogen flow and feed efficiency, was higher in A than M (133 vs. 102 mol/L). Higher milk yield (1.8 vs. 1.7 kg/d) and CH4 emissions (28.5 vs. 25.9 g/d) in A compared to M diet were observed, respectively. Use of tropical grasses such as maralfalfa in temperate climates could be a strategy for farmers to incorporate forage into feed for flocks, as milk chemical composition did not change markedly and maralfalfa inclusion reduced CH4 emissions by goats (although this reduction did not occur in CH4 emission compared to dry matter intake and milk yield). © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Criscioni-Ferreira, PF.; Martí Vicent, JV.; Pérez Baena, I.; Palomares Carrasco, JL.; Larsen, T.; Fernández Martínez, CJ. (2016). Replacement of alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa) with maralfalfa hay (Pennisetum sp.) in diets of lactating dairy goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 219:1-12. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.020S11221