Arquitectura y elementos litúrgicos en algunas iglesias protestantes de tradición histórica

Traditionally, Protestant churches in Spain have little presence in the scope of artistic research because the low numerical and stylistic relevance of those buildings if they are compared to their Catholic counterparts. This paper is aimed to try to make a comparative study of architectural spaces and cultic elements between three protestant churches of historical tradition, and one catholic temple, the last one used as an architectural paradigm. To carry it out, two of Protestant temples in the city of Malaga and one from Madrid have been selected. The catholic model is the Holy Martyrs church, from Málaga too.             From an artistic perspective based on the formal analysis of these temples and the study of the social, political, and religious context of the Reformation movement, an attempt is made to seek a historical, theological, and doctrinal explanation of the possible differences or similarities of the architectural solutions used by the selected denominations. Is precisely for this reason the comparison of the liturgical guidelines is a meaningful key to determine presences, coincidences or absences related to the different rites we can found in the constructive space.             Likewise, collected data, according to preset parameters, are shown ordered in a comparative table, following an evaluation system based on total, partial or null compliance of the conditions defining liturgical elements and architectural spaces. In addition, they are translated into analytical charts in order to make easy the understanding of the information.Tradicionalmente, las iglesias protestantes en España tienen poca presencia en el ámbito de la investigación artística debido a la baja relevancia numérica y estilística de esos edificios si se los compara con sus homólogos católicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es tratar de hacer un estudio comparativo de los espacios arquitectónicos y los elementos de culto entre tres iglesias protestantes de tradición histórica y un templo católico, el último utilizado como paradigma arquitectónico. Para llevarlo a cabo, se han seleccionado dos templos protestantes en la ciudad de Málaga y uno de Madrid. El modelo católico es la iglesia de los Santos Mártires, también de Málaga.             Desde una perspectiva artística basada en el análisis formal de estos templos y el estudio del contexto social, político y religioso del movimiento de Reforma, se intenta buscar una explicación histórica, teológica y doctrinal de las posibles diferencias o similitudes de las soluciones arquitectónicas utilizadas por las denominaciones seleccionadas. Precisamente por esta razón, la comparación de las pautas litúrgicas es una clave significativa para determinar las presencias, coincidencias o ausencias relacionadas con los diferentes ritos que podemos encontrar en el espacio constructivo.             Asimismo, los datos recopilados, de acuerdo con los parámetros preestablecidos, se muestran ordenados en una tabla comparativa, siguiendo un sistema de evaluación basado en el cumplimiento total, parcial o nulo de las condiciones que definen los elementos litúrgicos y los espacios arquitectónicos. Además, se traducen en cuadros analíticos para facilitar la comprensión de la información.   &nbsp

Arquitectura y elementos litúrgicos en algunas iglesias protestantes de tradición histórica

Traditionally, Protestant churches in Spain have little presence in the scope of artistic research because the low numerical and stylistic relevance of those buildings if they are compared to their Catholic counterparts. This paper is aimed to try to make a comparative study of architectural spaces and cultic elements between three protestant churches of historical tradition, and one catholic temple, the last one used as an architectural paradigm. To carry it out, two of Protestant temples in the city of Malaga and one from Madrid have been selected. The catholic model is the Holy Martyrs church, from Málaga too.            From an artistic perspective based on the formal analysis of these temples and the study of the social, political, and religious context of the Reformation movement, an attempt is made to seek a historical, theological, and doctrinal explanation of the possible differences or similarities of the architectural solutions used by the selected denominations. Is precisely for this reason the comparison of the liturgical guidelines is a meaningful key to determine presences, coincidences or absences related to the different rites we can found in the constructive space.            Likewise, collected data, according to preset parameters, are shown ordered in a comparative table, following an evaluation system based on total, partial or null compliance of the conditions defining liturgical elements and architectural spaces. In addition, they are translated into analytical charts in order to make easy the understanding of the information.Tradicionalmente, las iglesias protestantes en España tienen poca presencia en el ámbito de la investigación artística debido a la baja relevancia numérica y estilística de esos edificios si se los compara con sus homólogos católicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es tratar de hacer un estudio comparativo de los espacios arquitectónicos y los elementos de culto entre tres iglesias protestantes de tradición histórica y un templo católico, el último utilizado como paradigma arquitectónico. Para llevarlo a cabo, se han seleccionado dos templos protestantes en la ciudad de Málaga y uno de Madrid. El modelo católico es la iglesia de los Santos Mártires, también de Málaga.            Desde una perspectiva artística basada en el análisis formal de estos templos y el estudio del contexto social, político y religioso del movimiento de Reforma, se intenta buscar una explicación histórica, teológica y doctrinal de las posibles diferencias o similitudes de las soluciones arquitectónicas utilizadas por las denominaciones seleccionadas. Precisamente por esta razón, la comparación de las pautas litúrgicas es una clave significativa para determinar las presencias, coincidencias o ausencias relacionadas con los diferentes ritos que podemos encontrar en el espacio constructivo.            Asimismo, los datos recopilados, de acuerdo con los parámetros preestablecidos, se muestran ordenados en una tabla comparativa, siguiendo un sistema de evaluación basado en el cumplimiento total, parcial o nulo de las condiciones que definen los elementos litúrgicos y los espacios arquitectónicos. Además, se traducen en cuadros analíticos para facilitar la comprensión de la información. 

Mitosis Is a Source of Potential Markers for Screening and Survival and Therapeutic Targets in Cervical Cancer

<div><p>The effect of preventive human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on the reduction of the cervical cancer (CC) burden will not be known for 30 years. Therefore, it’s still necessary to improve the procedures for CC screening and treatment. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize cellular targets that could be considered potential markers for screening or therapeutic targets. A pyramidal strategy was used. Initially the expression of 8,638 genes was compared between 43 HPV16-positive CCs and 12 healthy cervical epitheliums using microarrays. A total of 997 genes were deregulated, and 21 genes that showed the greatest deregulation were validated using qRT-PCR. The 6 most upregulated genes (<em>CCNB2, CDC20, PRC1, SYCP2, NUSAP1</em>, <em>CDKN3</em>) belong to the mitosis pathway. They were further explored in 29 low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN1) and 21 high-grade CIN (CIN2/3) to investigate whether they could differentiate CC and CIN2/3 (CIN2+) from CIN1 and controls. <em>CCNB2</em>, <em>PRC1</em>, and <em>SYCP2</em> were mostly associated with CC and <em>CDC20</em>, <em>NUSAP1</em>, and <em>CDKN3</em> were also associated with CIN2/3. The sensitivity and specificity of <em>CDKN3</em> and <em>NUSAP1</em> to detect CIN2+ was approximately 90%. The proteins encoded by all 6 genes were shown upregulated in CC by immunohistochemistry. The association of these markers with survival was investigated in 42 CC patients followed up for at least 42 months. Only <em>CDKN3</em> was associated with poor survival and it was independent from clinical stage (HR = 5.9, 95%CI = 1.4–23.8, p = 0.01). <em>CDKN3</em> and <em>NUSAP1</em> may be potential targets for the development of screening methods. Nevertheless, further studies with larger samples are needed to define the optimal sensitivity and specificity. Inhibition of mitosis is a well-known strategy to combat cancers. Therefore, <em>CDKN3</em> may be not only a screening and survival marker but a potential therapeutic target in CC. However, whether it’s indispensable for tumor growth remains to be demonstrated.</p> </div

Validation of gene expression of 9 genetic markers by qRT-PCR.

<p>The intensity of gene expression, expressed in Log2 values, is shown in box plots. Expression of the 6 genes validated in this study (<i>CCNB2</i>, <i>PRC1</i>, <i>SYCP2</i>, <i>CDKN3</i>, <i>CDC20</i>, and <i>NUSAP1</i>) and the 3 well-known genes (<i>CDKN2A</i>, <i>MKI67</i>, and <i>PCNA</i>) associated with CC are compared among the 4 groups, including healthy cervical epitheliums (Normal, n = 25), low-grade CIN (CIN1, n = 29), high-grade CIN (CIN2/3, n = 21), and invasive CC (cancer, n = 44). The upper and lower boundaries of the boxes represent the 75^th and 25^th percentiles, respectively. The black line within the box represents the median value, and the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum values that lie within 1.5× the interquartile range from the end of box. Values outside this range are represented by black circles. The fold change (FC) was calculated by dividing the median of each pathological group by the median of the control group.</p

Survival analysis of women with cervical cancer according to FIGO staging and <i>CDKN3</i> expression.

<p>The Kaplan-Meier curves for FIGO staging and <i>CDKN3</i> are shown. Patients were followed-up for at least 42 months. For gene expression, cancer patients with higher (red line) and lower (blue line) fold change values were compared (see material and methods). The p value was calculated by comparing the curves with the log-rank test. Censored patients are labeled with black dots, but only four of them were censored before the minimal period of follow-up (42 months).</p

ROC analysis of 4 gene markers selected for detection of CIN2/3 and CC.

<p>See legends of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0055975#pone-0055975-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p><p>The last 4 rows included the combined analysis of CDKN3, NUSAP1, CDC20 and CDKN2A as indicated. Samples were considered positive when at least 2 of the 3 markers were positive.</p>a<p>All comparisons gave a p-value <1×10⁻⁹, chi square.</p

Genes explored by qRT-PCR.

a<p>Genes in bold were selected to be explored in pre-invasive samples.</p>b<p>The analysis was performed with 44 HPV16-positive CC, 22 CC positive for other HPVs and 25 cervical controls. Fold change (FC) was calculated with the median values as follows: tumor/control for upregulated genes and control/tumor for downregulated genes (see Materials and Methods). The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p<1×10⁻¹⁵; Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test) for all but 2 genes (NDN, SLC18A2). NDN and SLC18A2 had a p>0.05.</p>c<p>Included carcinomas positives for HPV-18 (5), -31 (5), -33 (2), -45 (5), -51 (2), -58 (2) and -59 (1).</p

Patients followed up for at least 42 months for survival evaluation.

a<p>ACC, Adenocarcinoma. SCC, Squamous Cell Carcinoma. ASCC, Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma.</p>b<p>HT, Radical Hysterectomy. Tele, teletherapy. Brachy, brachytherapy. Chemo, chemotherapy with Cisplatin.</p>c<p>Status alive was registered at the last follow up, death was caused by primary tumor of cervical cancer, except the case labeled with an asterisk, and unknown cases were lost during the follow up study. The cause of death of case labeled with an asterisk was unknown.</p