Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health

Among the most pressing of today’s environmental issues is the pollution of air. Air is the breath of life, yet there many kinds of air pollution contributing to problems that range from human health issues to climate change. Air pollution can be defined as the presence of toxic chemicals or compounds in the air, at levels that pose a health risk. In an even broader sense, air pollution means the presence of chemicals or compounds in the air which usually not present and which lower the quality of the air or cause detrimental changes to the quality of life. Air pollution is the leading environmental cause of death worldwide according to the state of global air 2017, a new first annual report and interactive website launched today. The report also finds that 92% of the world’s population lives in areas with unhealthy air. All told, long-term exposure to fine particulate matter the most significant element of air pollution contributed to 4.2 million premature deaths and to a loss of 103 million healthy years of life in 2015, making air pollutionthe5thhighestcauseofdeathamong all health risks, including smoking, diet, and high blood pressure. The analysis found that China and India together were responsible for over half of the total global attributable deaths, the study also finds that increasing exposure and a growing and aging population have meant that India now rivals China for among the highest air pollution health burdens in the world, with both countries facing some 1.1 million early deaths from air pollution in 2015. Air pollution is probably one of the most serious environmental problems confronting our civilization today. Most often, it is caused by human activities such as transportation, mining, construction, industrial work, agriculture, smelting, etc. However, natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and wildfires may also pollute the air, but their occurrence is rare and they usually have a local effect, unlike human activities that are ubiquitous causes of air pollution and contribute to the global pollution of the air every single day

An Environmental Study On Problems Faced By Healthcare Visitors Of Kanchipuram District

India as a developing economy is healthier nation because of proper and well-developed healthcare infrastructure. This leads to improvement in the life years and happiness of the population. The high life style increases the unhealthy practices of eating culture, fast food, no exercise and other. Even children’s are facing serious health issues in early ages. Due to this, every individual’s visiting the hospitals at least once in a month. Many get diseases while visiting hospitals where there is poor maintenance of various wastes, which leads to air pollution, waste water pollution, bio medical waste pollution, and soil pollution. Tamil nadu serve as a hub of medical services in India which also spreads to major hospital accrued infections to human beings as well as to the environment. This research study highlights about the environmental problems which are posed by the health care centers to the humans and animals

Non-Darcian flow experiments of shear-thinning fluids through rough-walled rock fractures

Understanding non-Darcian flow of shear-thinning fluids through rough-walled rock fractures is of vital importance in a number of industrial applications such as hydrogeology or petroleum engineering. Different laws are available to express the deviations from linear Darcy law due to inertial pressure losses. In particular, Darcy’s law is often extended through addition of quadratic and cubic terms weighted by two inertial coefficients depending on the strength of the inertia regime. The relations between the effective shear viscosity of the fluid and the apparent viscosity in porous media when inertial deviations are negligible were extensively studied in the past. However, only recent numerical works have investigated the superposition of both inertial and shear-thinning effects, finding that the same inertial coefficients obtained for non-Darcian Newtonian flow applied in the case of shear-thinning fluids. The objective of this work is to experimentally validate these results, extending their applicability to the case of rough-walled rock fractures. To do so, flow experiments with aqueous polymer solutions have been conducted using replicas of natural fractures, and the effects of polymer concentration, which determine the shear rheology of the injected fluid, have been evaluated. Our findings show that the experimental pressure loss-flow rate data for inertial flow of shear-thinning fluids can be successfully predicted from the empirical parameters obtained during non-Darcian Newtonian flow and Darcian shear-thinning flow in a given porous medium

Significance of 24 hour Post Operative Lactate Levels in Predicting Mortality and Morbidity in Patients Undergoing Emergency Laparotomy in a Tertiary Centre

INTRODUCTION: Serum lactate levels had shown to increase in acute abdominal conditions like appendicitis and mesenteric ischemia and can used as a marker for mesenteric ischemia and appendicitis. Blood lactate levels had shown to have greater prognostic value than oxygen derived variables like oxygen delivery or oxygen uptake. Obtaining a lactate level is essential to identifying tissue hypo perfusion in patients who are not yet hypotensive but who are at risk for septic shock. The strategy of clearing lactate to normal values was assessed in the 2012 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines. The campaign suggests targeting resuscitation to normalize lactate in patients with elevated lactate levels as a marker of tissue hypo perfusion. Lactate clearance is percentage change in lactate level since admission. High lactate clearance to be associated with better outcome in critically ill patients and low mortality in comparison to low lactate clearance. OBJECTIVES : Primary objective: to compare the ability of the lactate levels to predict postoperative mortality. Secondary objective: to compare the ability to predict postoperative morbidity like wound site infection, length of stay, lower respiratory tract infection, inotropic support, development of AKI, delirium, cardiac morbidity and need for re-exploration. METHODOLOGY : The study is done after obtaining a detailed history, complete general physical examination and systemic examination. The patients are subjected to relevant investigations like x-ray erect abdomen, CXR, USG , CT and routine investigations like Hb, TC, urea, creatinine, serum electrolytes. All investigations and surgical procedures were carried out with proper informed written consent as appropriately. Both Preoperative and Postoperative serum lactate analysis will be done, and the outcome analysis will be evaluated with mortality being the primary outcome. Patients will be followed upto 30 days postoperatively. They will be enquired about survival and complications through telephonic interview. The data regarding patient particulars, diagnosis, investigations, and surgical procedures is collected in a specially designed case recording form and transferred to a master chart subjected to statistical methods like mean, standard deviation, proportion, percentage calculation and wherever necessary chi square test for proportion are used. RESULTS: In the present study, 200 case of patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgeries for various etiology who came to RGGGH emergency department from November 2021 to August 2022 were included. Those patients who were more than 12 years of age were included in this study. There is a significant male preponderance (69.39%). Among those included in the study, 24.5% of patients were found to be hypertensive, 32% of patients were found to be diabetic and 9% of the patients were found to be CAD. Various etiologies including Intestinal obstruction, Perforation, SMA thrombosis, Appendicular perforations has been observed in this study. Based on the above values, both observed and expected values are calculated and entered in tables. By using the values, the Chi Square statistic is calculated. Degree of freedom is found to be 1. Based on the analysis, p-value is calculated to find the significance of the test. Based on the analysis of lactate values for patients with complications and without complications, the following observations are made Chi-square statistic is 18.3911. The p-value is 0.000018. Based on the analysis of lactate values for patients with mortality and without mortality, the following observations are made. Chi-square statistic is 6.4068. The p-value is 0.011369. Significant at p < 0.5 CONCLUSION: Sepsis and septic shock remains a major challenge faced by surgeons in current days scenario. Lactate has been proven as an incredible tool to assess the outcomes of the patient and plan the management accordingly. Increased lactate levels post operatively poses significant high risk in mortality and morbidity of the patient and might help surgeons to as a guide to understand the nature of the disease and its prognosis. Those with normal post operative lactate levels are found to have lower risk of complications and mortality

Performance Enhancement of Recycled Aggregate Concrete – An Experimental Study

Extensive studies have been performed on the mechanical and durability properties of the concrete prepared with recycled coarse aggregates (RCA), however, only modest consideration has been given to the studies on the behaviour of RAC prepared by alternative mixing approach techniques. This study presents the mechanical properties of the recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with different percentages of RCA prepared by normal mixing approach (NMA), two-stage mixing approach (TSMA) and sand enveloped mixing approach (SEMA) techniques. The manufactured concrete mixtures were tested for compression, tension, flexure and elastic modulus at 7, 28 and 90 days. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of the RAC (with 100% of RCA) prepared through TSMA and SEMA were improved by 9.36 and 12.14% at 28 days. Perhaps, prolonged curing to TSMA and SEMA mixtures improved the mechanical properties of the RAC that is nearly equal to normal aggregate concrete (NAC) prepared by NMA

Allelopathic plants. 10. Lantana camara L.

Lantana camara L. is an introduced weed in the tropics and subtropies and infests 14 crops in 47 countries. It invades forests, riverbanks, roadsides, pastures, agricultural lands and disturbed ecosystems. Being an invasion interrupts regeneration process and reduces biodiversity of natural ecosystems. It has hundreds of cultivars and hybrids. It has about 15 varieties. Lantana and other alien species have caused the extinction of 58 native plant species in the Cape Floristic Kingdom and have contributed to the endangered status of more than 3435 other plants in South Africa. Its leaves, roots and fruits contain allelochemicals mainly aromatic alkaloids and phenolics. These allelochemicals promote or inhibit the crop growth based on their concentration and are species specific. It also produces volatile allelochemicals from its leaves. It is toxic to grazing animals and has adverse effects on humans. This specie also has medicinal, herbicidal and fungistatic activity