Addressing class imbalance in deep learning for acoustic target classification

Acoustic surveys provide important data for fisheries management. During the surveys, ship-mounted echo sounders send acoustic signals into the water and measure the strength of the reflection, so-called backscatter. Acoustic target classification (ATC) aims to identify backscatter signals by categorizing them into specific groups, e.g. sandeel, mackerel, and background (as bottom and plankton). Convolutional neural networks typically perform well for ATC but fail in cases where the background class is similar to the foreground class. In this study, we discuss how to address the challenge of class imbalance in the sampling of training and validation data for deep convolutional neural networks. The proposed strategy seeks to equally sample areas containing all different classes while prioritizing background data that have similar characteristics to the foreground class. We investigate the performance of the proposed sampling methodology for ATC using a previously published deep convolutional neural network architecture on sandeel data. Our results demonstrate that utilizing this approach enables accurate target classification even when dealing with imbalanced data. This is particularly relevant for pixel-wise semantic segmentation tasks conducted on extensive datasets. The proposed methodology utilizes state-of-the-art deep learning techniques and ensures a systematic approach to data balancing, avoiding ad hoc methods.Addressing class imbalance in deep learning for acoustic target classificationpublishedVersio

Congenital left main coronary artery aneurysm

Left main coronary artery aneurysm (LMCAA) is an uncommon coronary abnormality seen in 0.1% of patients during routine diagnostic coronary angiographies. The most common etiology is atherosclerosis in acquired cases. However, it can also be a congenital malformation. We present the case of a 26 year-old female with a large LMCAA. She was diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot initially. (Cardiol J 2011; 18, 4: 430–433

Endoanal ultrasonografi ile perianal atnalı fistül tespiti: Video sunum

Today, the horseshoe fistulas are counted among the most difficultly managed perianal fistula types. This entity, which is regarded as one of a complex fistula type, affects the ischioanal fossa. Its treatment is more costly and the optimal surgical intervention required is more complex. Since it can affect more than one anatomical structure, chance of treatment failure, perioperative and postoperative complication rates and recurrence rates increase. Especially insufficient preoperative assessment leads in most cases to devastating outcomes for both the physician and the patient. Horseshoe fistulas can be diagnosed easily with magnetic resonance imaging, which is a common modality used in evaluating perianal fistulas. However, due to the high cost and dependance on an experienced radiologist for interpretation in common practice, endoanal ultrasonography (USG) has started to gain popularity. Ability of assessing the perianal anatomy and especially the sphincter complex properly just prior to surgery in operating theatre comprise the most prominent advantages of endoanal USG. In this video presentation, we aimed to show the endoanal USG images of a horseshoe fistula tract following the injection of hydrogen peroxid solution with a branule in the perianal fistula tract of a patient with a history of Crohn’s disease.Günümüzde yönetimi en zor olan perianal fistül çeşitlerinden biri de atnalı fistüllerdir. Kompleks fistüller kategorisinde değerlendirilen bu hastalık işioanal fossayı etkilemekte olup tedavisi daha maliyetli ve gereken optimal cerrahi girişimi daha komplekstir. Birden fazla anatomik yapıyı etkileyebilmesi nedeni ile tedavi başarısızlığı, peroperatif ve postoperatif komplikasyon oranlarının artması, rekürrens oranının yüksek olması ve özellikle yetersiz preoperatif değerlendirme sonucu hem hekim hem de hasta yönünden ciddi negatif sonuçlar doğabilmektedir. Perianal fistüllerde sık kullanılan bir modalite olan MR ile atnalı fistüllerin tanısı rahatlıkla konabilmektedir. Ancak maliyetin yüksek olması ve çoğunlukla yorum için bir radyoloğa ihtiyaç duyulması nedeni ile endoanal ultrasonografi (USG) son zamanlarda klinik uygulamaya daha çok girmeye başlamıştır. Endoanal USG’nin en önemli avantajları arasında ameliyat masasında eş zamanlı perianal bölge anatomisinin ve özellikle sfinkterlerin optimal şekilde değerlendirilebilmesi söylenebilir. Bu video prezentasyonda crohn hastalığı öyküsü olan bir hastada atnalı fistül traktının intraket ile oksijenli su enjeksiyonunu takiben endoanal USG görüntüsünün paylaşılması amaçlanmıştır

Medikal tedaviye yanıtsız pruritus ani’li hastada perianal metilen mavisi enjeksiyonu: Video prezentasyon

Pruritus Ani is one of the common dermatological diseases of the perianal skin in the general population. This disease affects 1%-5% of the society. It presents as itching and burning in the perianal area. Men are affected four times more than women, and it is diagnosed most commonly in the fourth to sixth decades of life. This disease, which is most commonly seen as idiopathic, may develop secondary to infectious factors such as staph. aureus, candida albicans, thinning of the perianal skin due to the long-time use of topical steroids, dermatological diseases such as psoriasis or malignancies. The treatment of the underlying disease constitutes the main treatment for the secondary disease, and in the idiopathic disease, a wide range of treatment methods are used, from conservative treatments to various medical treatments and injection of various substances into the perianal area. In this video presentation, it is aimed to present the application of methylene blue injection to the perianal skin in a patient with idiopathic pruritus ani unresponsive to medical treatment.Pruritus ani toplumda sık karşılaşılan perianal bölgenin dermatolojik hastalıklarındandır. Bu hastalık toplumun %1-%5’ini etkilemektedir. Perianal bölgede kaşıntı ve yanma olarak prezente olur. Erkeklerde kadınlara oranla dört kat fazla görülür ve en sık görülme yaşı dördüncü ve altıncı dekatlar arasındadır. En sık idiopatik olarak görülen bu hastalık staf. aureus, candida albicans gibi enfeksiyöz etkenlere, uzun süre steroidli topikal ajanların kullanımına bağlı perianal bölge cildinin incelmesine, psoriasis gibi dermatolojik hastalıklara veya malignitelere sekonder olarak gelişebilmektedir. Sekonder hastalıkta altta yatan hastalığın tedavisi esas tedaviyi teşkil etmekte olup idiopatik hastalıkta ise konservatif tedavilerden çeşitli medikal tedavilere ve çeşitli maddelerin perianal bölgeye enjeksiyonuna kadar geniş bir yelpazede bir çok tedavi yöntemi uygulanmaktadır. Bu video prezentasyonda medikal tedaviye yantısız idiopatik pruritus anili bir hastada perianal bölgeye metilen mavisi enjeksiyonu uygulamasının sunulması amaçlanmıştır

The association of functional mitral regurgitation and anemia in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy

Background: We investigated the association between anemia and functional mitral regurgitation (MR) in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients with sinus rhythm and normal renal function. Methods: Sixty non-ischemic DCM patients with sinus rhythm and left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% were recruited. Functional MR was quantified with the proximal isovelocity surface area method. MR was graded according to the mitral regurgitant volume (Reg Vol) or effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) area. The clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic correlates of functional MR severity were investigated in patients with DCM. Results: Hemoglobin degrees were significantly different between various MR levels (mild MR 13.9 &#177; 1.7 mg/dL, moderate MR 12.3 &#177; 1.5 mg/dL, moderate to severe MR 10.8 &#177; 0.9 mg/dL). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the utility of hemoglobin levels to predict moderate or severe functional MR. A hemoglobin level less than 12.5 mg/dL predicted moderate or high MR with 80% sensitivity and 58% specificity (AUC: 0.789, 95% CI: 0.676&#8211;0.901, p < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent predictors of moderate or severe levels of MR. The left atrium diameter (OR: 19.3, 95% CI: 1.4-27.1, p = 0.028) and presence of anemia (OR: 11.9, 95% CI: 1.22-42.5, p = 0.0045) were independent predictors of moderate or severe functional MR. Conclusions: The presence of anemia and enlarged left atrium are independent predictors of moderate or severe functional MR in non-ischemic DCM patients with normal renal function. Hemoglobin levels less than 12.5 mg/dL should alert the physician for the presence of moderate or severe MR in patients with DCM. (Cardiol J 2010; 17, 3: 274-280

An Atypical Presentation of Brucellosis in a Patient with Isolated Thrombocytopenia Complicated with Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding

A 59-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency service with complaints of hematemesis and melena for the last few days. In laboratory tests, the platelet count was found to be /L. Intravenous or oral corticosteroid treatment was thought to be given for ITP but disclaimed due to upper GIS bleeding. On the 5th day of treatment, Brucella melitensis was isolated from blood culture before the results of Wright tube agglutination tests were reported positive as 1 : 80. On the second day of the anti-brucellosis treatment, the thrombocyte count was raised from 6000/mm3 to 110000/mm3, and on the 3rd day to 225000/mm3

Expanding the clinical and immunological phenotypes of PAX1-deficient SCID and CID patients

Paired box 1 (PAX1) deficiency has been reported in a small number of patients diagnosed with otofaciocervical syndrome type 2 (OFCS2). We described six new patients who demonstrated variable clinical penetrance. Reduced transcriptional activity of pathogenic variants confirmed partial or complete PAX1 deficiency. Thymic aplasia and hypoplasia were associated with impaired T cell immunity. Corrective treatment was required in 4/6 patients. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation resulted in poor immune reconstitution with absent naïve T cells, contrasting with the superior recovery of T cell immunity after thymus transplantation. Normal ex vivo differentiation of PAX1-deficient CD34+ cells into mature T cells demonstrated the absence of a hematopoietic cell-intrinsic defect. New overlapping features with DiGeorge syndrome included primary hypoparathyroidism (n = 5) and congenital heart defects (n = 2), in line with PAX1 expression during early embryogenesis. Our results highlight new features of PAX1 deficiency, which are relevant to improving early diagnosis and identifying patients requiring corrective treatment

Machine learning in marine ecology: an overview of techniques and applications

Machine learning covers a large set of algorithms that can be trained to identify patterns in data. Thanks to the increase in the amount of data and computing power available, it has become pervasive across scientific disciplines. We first highlight why machine learning is needed in marine ecology. Then we provide a quick primer on machine learning techniques and vocabulary. We built a database of ∼1000 publications that implement such techniques to analyse marine ecology data. For various data types (images, optical spectra, acoustics, omics, geolocations, biogeochemical profiles, and satellite imagery), we present a historical perspective on applications that proved influential, can serve as templates for new work, or represent the diversity of approaches. Then, we illustrate how machine learning can be used to better understand ecological systems, by combining various sources of marine data. Through this coverage of the literature, we demonstrate an increase in the proportion of marine ecology studies that use machine learning, the pervasiveness of images as a data source, the dominance of machine learning for classification-type problems, and a shift towards deep learning for all data types. This overview is meant to guide researchers who wish to apply machine learning methods to their marine datasets.Machine learning in marine ecology: an overview of techniques and applicationspublishedVersio