50 research outputs found
Carbon nanospheres mediated delivery of nuclear matrix protein SMAR 1 to direct experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice
Owing to the suppression of immune responses and associated side effects, steroid based treatments for inflammatory encephalitis disease can be detrimental. Here, we demonstrate a novel carbon nanosphere (CNP) based treatment regime for encephalomyelitis in mice by exploiting the functional property of the nuclear matrix binding protein SMAR1. A truncated part of SMAR1 ie, the DNA binding domain was conjugated with hydrothermally synthesized CNPs. When administered intravenously, the conjugate suppressed experimental animal encephalomyelitis in T cell specific conditional SMAR1 knockout mice (SMAR-/-). Further, CNP-SMAR1 conjugate delayed the onset of the disease and reduced the demyelination significantly. There was a significant decrease in the production of IL-17 after re-stimulation with MOG. Altogether, our findings suggest a potential carbon nanomaterial based therapeutic intervention to combat Th17 mediated autoimmune diseases including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Life-Detection Technologies for the Next Two Decades
Since its inception six decades ago, astrobiology has diversified immensely
to encompass several scientific questions including the origin and evolution of
Terran life, the organic chemical composition of extraterrestrial objects, and
the concept of habitability, among others. The detection of life beyond Earth
forms the main goal of astrobiology, and a significant one for space
exploration in general. This goal has galvanized and connected with other
critical areas of investigation such as the analysis of meteorites and early
Earth geological and biological systems, materials gathered by sample-return
space missions, laboratory and computer simulations of extraterrestrial and
early Earth environmental chemistry, astronomical remote sensing, and in-situ
space exploration missions. Lately, scattered efforts are being undertaken
towards the R&D of the novel and as-yet-space-unproven life-detection
technologies capable of obtaining unambiguous evidence of extraterrestrial
life, even if it is significantly different from Terran life. As the suite of
space-proven payloads improves in breadth and sensitivity, this is an apt time
to examine the progress and future of life-detection technologies.Comment: 6 pages, the white paper was submitted to and cited by the National
Academy of Sciences in support of the Astrobiology Science Strategy for the
Search for Life in the Univers
Anti-diabetic activity and safety assessment of Ayurvedic medicine, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Jasada bhasma</i> (zinc ash) in rats<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"> </span>
811-822Jasada
bhasma (zinc ash) is an extensively used Ayurvedic
medicine for treating diabetes mellitus. The present communication presents yet
unavailable comprehensive scientific data on its physico-chemical nature
vis-Ă -vis anti-diabetic activity and toxicity profile.Zinc ash prepared by
traditional method was found to consist of 200-500 nm sized particles,
predominantly zinc oxide with hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure.The
effective dose range of zinc ash in oral glucose tolerance tests performed
using normoglycemic Wistar rats was found to be 3-30 mg/kg. Subsequently
anti-diabetic activity was assessed in streptozotocin induced type 1 and type 2
diabetic rats. Four weeks treatment with zinc ash (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) resulted in
improved glucose tolerance (16-19%), lowered blood glucose levels (20-33%) and
reduced serum insulin levels (27-32%). Systemic absorption was assessed by
single dose pharmacokinetic study where serum zinc levels were found to be
elevated (3.5 folds) after oral administration of zinc ash. Acute and sub-acute
toxicity tests demonstrated safety of zinc ash up to 300 mg/kg doseie. 100
times the efficacy dose in rats.These findings, the first of their kind,
provide concrete scientific evidence that justifies usage of zinc ash in
diabetes treatment
Assessment of an Integrative Anticancer Treatment Using an in Vitro Perfusion-Enabled 3D Breast Tumor Model
The
study presents observations on anticancer therapeutic efficacy
of magnetic fluid hyperthermia and a combination of hyperthermia and
chemotherapy (i.e., integrative treatment) using an in vitro perfused
and non-perfused 3D breast tumor model. The 3D in vitro breast tumor
models were simulated using Comsol multiphysics, fabricated using
specially designed chips, and treated with doxorubicin-loaded chitosan-coated
La<sub>0.7</sub>Sr<sub>0.3</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> (DC-LSMO) nanoparticles
for hyperthermia and combination therapy in both perfused and non-perfused
conditions. Computation confirmed uniform heat distribution throughout
the scaffold for both the models. The findings indicate that both
hyperthermia and combination treatment could trigger apoptotic cell
death in the perfused and non-perfused models in varying degrees.
Specifically, the perfused tumors were more resistant to therapy than
the non-perfused ones. The efficacy of anticancer treatment decreased
with increasing physiological complexity of the tumor model. The combination
(hyperthermia and chemotherapy) treatment showed enhanced efficacy
over hyperthermia alone. This is a pilot study to investigate the
effects of magnetic fluid hyperthermia–chemotherapy treatment
using perfused and non-perfused 3D in vitro models of tumor. The feasibility
of using 3D cell culture models for contributing to our understanding
of cancer and its treatment was also determined as a part of this
work
Tenofovir-tethered gold nanoparticles as a novel multifunctional long-acting anti-HIV therapy to overcome deficient drug delivery-: an in vivo proof of concept
Abstract Background The adoption of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) substantially extends the life expectancy and quality of HIV-infected patients. Yet, eliminating the latent reservoirs of HIV to achieve a cure remains an unmet need. The advent of nanomedicine has revolutionized the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The present study explores a unique combination of Tenofovir (TNF) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a potential therapeutic approach to overcome several limitations of the current ART. Results TNF-tethered AuNPs were successfully synthesized. Cell viability, genotoxicity, haemolysis, and histopathological studies confirmed the complete safety of the preparation. Most importantly, its anti-HIV1 reverse transcriptase activity was ~ 15 folds higher than the native TNF. In addition, it exhibited potent anti-HIV1 protease activity, a much sought-after target in anti-HIV1 therapeutics. Finally, the in vivo biodistribution studies validated that the AuNPs could reach many tissues/organs, serving as a secure nest for HIV and overcoming the problem of deficient drug delivery to HIV reservoirs. Conclusions We show that the combination of TNF and AuNPs exhibits multifunctional activity, viz . anti-HIV1 and anti-HIV1 protease. These findings are being reported for the first time and highlight the prospects of developing AuNP-TNF as a novel next-generation platform to treat HIV/AIDS. Graphical Abstrac
Anticancer Activity of Indian Stingless Bee Propolis: An In Vitro Study
Indian stingless bee propolis has a complex chemical nature and is reported to possess various medicinal properties. In the present study, anticancer activity of the ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was explored by testing the cytotoxic and apoptotic effect in four different cancer cell lines, namely, MCF-7 (human breast cancer), HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma), Caco-2 (human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma), and B16F1 (murine melanoma), at different concentrations. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay and Trypan blue dye exclusion assay. EEP at a concentration of 250 g/mL exhibited ≥50% mortality in all cell lines tested (i.e., IC50 value). EEP revealed a concentration and time dependent cytotoxic effect. Apoptosis was estimated by differential staining (ethidium bromide/acridine orange) and TUNEL (deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick end labeling) assay. Light microscopy and atomic force microscopy demonstrated morphological features of apoptosis in all the cell lines after treatment with 250 g/mL EEP for 24 h. Thus, early onset of apoptosis is the reason for anticancer activity of Indian stingless bee propolis. Further, the antioxidant potential of Indian stingless bee propolis was demonstrated to substantiate its anticancer activity