Effects of processing meliorative tillage on the soils with heavy mechanical type in maize production

Soils with heavy mechanical type of composition demand a cultivation system that ensures preservation of natural potential and fertility resources. This system must also prevent degrading processes and ensure an optimal water flow within the soil, with an optimal usage of energy and labor. This paper presents the results of the application of the machines and tools for new technologies in maize production. We analyzed the influence of meliorative tillage and effect of conventional tillage systems on maize production.

Uticaj tipa kombajna i vremena ubiranja na kvalitet ubrane kamilice

This paper is the result of studying effects of mechanical chamomile harvesting on yield and quality of harvested chamomile. Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L) Rausch.) was harvested at three time intervals (T1 - 240 days, T2 - 250 days and T3 - 260 days after sowing) by three conceptually different harvesters. The results achieved indicate that the harvester type significantly influences quality of harvested chamomile, whereas it is not influenced by chamomile harvesting time. Quality of harvested chamomile was classified into four categories, and it was observed that the greater number of rotations of a picking device increased the content of the first category of quality. The harvester A achieved 54.79% of the first category of quality in respect to the harvester B achieving 50.26% and the harvester C with 42.93%.Ovaj rad predstavlja rezultat istraživanja u okviru koga su praćeni efekti mehanizovanog ubiranja na prinos i kvalitet ubrane kamilice. Kamilica je ubirana u tri različita vremenska intervala (T1 - 240 dana, T2 - 250 dana i T3 - 260 dana nakon setve) sa tri koncepcijski različita kombajna. Ostvareni rezultati ukazuju da tip kombajna ima značajan uticaj na kvalitet ubrane kamilice, dok takav uticaj nije izražen kada se posmatra termin ubiranja kamilice. Kvalitet ubrane kamilice je klasifikovan u 4 kategorije, gde je uočeno da veći broj obrtaja beračkog uređaja povećava učešće I kategorije kvaliteta. Kombajn A ostvaruje 54,79% I kategorije kvaliteta ubrane kamilice u odnosu na kombajn B sa 50,26% i kombajn C sa 42,93%

Kompleksna modulacija sila tokom preciznog hvata šake primenom ponavljane transkranijalne magnetne stimulacije pražnjenjima u teta frekvenciji iznad dorzalnog premotornog korteksa

Background/Aim. Adaptive control and fingertip force synchronization of precise grasp stability during unimanual manipulation of small objects represents an illustrative example of highly fractionated movements that are foundation of fine motor control. It is assumed that this process is controlled by several motor areas of the frontal lobe, particularly applicable to the primary motor (M-1) and dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). Aiming to examine the role of PMd during fine coordination of fingertip forces we applied theta burst repetitive magnetic stimulation (TBS) to disrupt neural processing in that cortical area. Methods. Using a single-blind, randomized, crossover design, 10 healthy subjects (29 ± 3.9 years) received single sessions of continuous TBS (cTBS600), intermittent TBS (iTBS600), or sham stimulation, separate from one another at least one week, over the PMd region of dominant hemisphere. Precision grasp and lift were assessed by instrumented device, recording grip (G) and load (L) forces, during three manipulation tasks (ramp-and-hold, oscillation force producing and simple lifting tasks), with each hand separately, before and after interventions. Results. We observed the improvement of task performance related to constant error (CE) in oscillation task with the dominant hand (DH) after the iTBS (p = 0.009). On the contrary, the cTBS reduced variable error (VE) for non-dominant hand (NH), p = 0.005. Considering force coordination we found that iTBS worsened variables for NH (G/L ratio, p = 0.017; cross-correlation of the G and L, p = 0.047; Gain, p = 0.047). Conclusion. These results demonstrate the ability of TBS to modulate fingertip forces during precision grasping and lifting, when applied over PMd. These findings support the role of PMd in human motor control and forces generation required to hold small objects stable in our hands.Uvod/Cilj. Adaptivna kontrola i sinhronizacija sila prstiju šake tokom preciznog hvata pri manipulisanju malim predmetima jednom rukom predstavlja ilustrativni primer visoko frakcionisanih pokreta koji predstavljaju temelj motorne kontrole preciznih pokreta. Pretpostavlja se da ovim procesom upravlja nekoliko motornih oblasti frontalnog režnja, i to prvenstveno primarni motorni (M-1) i dorzalni premotorni korteks (PMd). Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitivanje uloge PMd-a tokom vršenja pokreta koji zahtevaju finu koordinaciju sila prstiju šake. U istraživanju smo primenili ponavljanu magnetnu stimulaciju pražnjenjima u teta frekvenciji, kako bi ometali neuralno procesiranje u toj oblasti moždane kore. Metode. Primenom jednostrano slepe studije, uz nasumičnu raspodelu i ukršteni dizajn, 10 zdravih ispitanika (29 ± 3,9 godina) bilo je izloženo pojedinačnim sesijama kontinuirane magnetne stimulacije (cTBS600), ili intermitentne ponavljane magnetne stimulacije (iTBS600), pražnjenjima u teta frekvenciji kao i prividnoj stimulaciji iznad PMd regiona dominantne hemisfere, odvojenih međusobno, najkraće nedelju dana. Precizanost hvata šake i podizanja procenjivani su uređajem koji je registrovao silu stiska (G) i silu podizanja (L) prilikom izvođenja tri zadatka (zadatak sa zadatim profilom L, zadatak sa oscilatornim variranjem nivoa L i zadatak sa podizanjem), koji su izvođeni sa obe ruke odvojeno, i to pre i nakon svake intervencije. Rezultati. Nakon primene iTBS protokola zabeleženo je poboljšanje izvođenja iskazano konstantnom greškom (CE) u zadatku sa oscilatornim variranjem nivoa L, kada je izvođen dominantnom rukom (DH), p = 0.009. Suprotno tome, primena cTBS protokola dovela je do smanjenja promenjive greške (VE) za nedominantnu ruku (NH), p = 0.005. Sa aspekta koordinacije sila utvrđeno je da je iTBS protokol doveo do pogoršanja rezultata praćenih pokazatelja za nedominantnu ruku (G/L odnos, p = 0.017; korelacija G i L, p = 0.047; prirast sile p = 0.047). Zaključak. Rezultati našeg istraživanja ukazuju na mogućnost modulacije sila prstiju šake tokom preciznog hvata i podizanja, ukoliko se TBS primeni iznad PMd-a. Dobijeni nalazi podržavaju ulogu PMd u motornoj kontroli i generisanju sila neophodnih za stabilno držanje malih predmeta kod ljudi

Mehanizacija u melioracijama zemljišta - stanje i buduće potrebe

Present and future status and requirements for mechanization in soil reclamation of agricultural and exploitation of forest soils of Republic of Serbia are exposed in this paper. The status and requirements for tractors, and power machines different mechanization in the field on soil reclamation, irrigation/drainages in agriculture and forest exploitation are shown as well. This analysis of structure and future needs enable ideas and realisation of substitution of very old mechanization with new contemporary mechanization, where domestic production of tractors and other agricultural machines has advantages and justification. .U radu su analizirana istraživanja stanja i potreba mehanizacije u melioracijama poljoprivrednih (navodnjavanje i odvodnjavanje), i šumskih zemljišta Republike Srbije, danas, i narednom periodu. Prikazana je analiza stanja i potreba traktora i pogonskih mašina, različite mehanizacije u melioracijama zemljišta, i sličnim građevinskim radovima sa zemljištem, mehanizacija navodnjavanja/odvodnjavanja, i mehanizacija u eksploataciji šuma . Analizirano stanje, struktura i buduće potrebe, omogućavaju ideju, realizaciju, zamene veoma stare mehanizacije sa novom mehanizacijom, gde domaća industrija proizvodnje traktora i radnih mašina ima svoje prednosti i opravdanje.

Uticaj različitih tipova kombajna za ubiranje kamilice na kvalitet ubiranja i visinu dobiti u proizvodnji kamilice

This paper presents the results of three conceptually different types of chamomile harvester and their impact on the quality of the harvested chamomile and profit during the production process. Three working modes of each harvester are considered and values of realized losses and the quality of harvested chamomile are determined. It was found that choosing the type of engaged harvester and its working mode can affect the quality of harvested chamomile, as well as the profit achieved in the entire production process. .U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja tri koncepcijski različita tipa kombajna za ubiranje kamilice i njihov uticaj na kvalitet ubrane sirovine i ostvarenu dobit tokom procesa proizvodnje. Posmatrana su tri režima rada svakog od kombajna i utvrđeni su vrednosti ostvarenih gubitaka i kvaliteta ubrane kamilice. Utvrđeno je da se izborom tipa angažovanog kombajna i režima rada može uticati na kvalitet ubrane kamilice, kao i na ostvarenu dobit u celokupnom proizvodnom ciklusu.

Magnetic excitations and electronic interactions in Sr2_2CuTeO6_6: a spin-1/2 square lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet

Sr$_2$CuTeO$_6$ presents an opportunity for exploring low-dimensional magnetism on a square lattice of $S=1/2$ Cu$^{2+}$ ions. We employ ab initio multi-reference configuration interaction calculations to unravel the Cu$^{2+}$ electronic structure and to evaluate exchange interactions in Sr$_2$CuTeO$_6$. The latter results are validated by inelastic neutron scattering using linear spin-wave theory and series-expansion corrections for quantum effects to extract true coupling parameters. Using this methodology, which is quite general, we demonstrate that Sr$_2$CuTeO$_6$ is an almost realization of a nearest-neighbor Heisenberg antiferromagnet but with relatively weak coupling of 7.18(5) meV.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure

Triticum aestivum ir T. durum genetiniai parametrai kokybės technologinėms savybėms Serbijoje

Proteins are important in determining the nutritional value of wheat, and among them gluten determines the baking quality of bread wheat and pasta-making technological properties of wheat. By assessing genetic parameters of wheat quality traits, it is possible to elucidate potential for improvement. The plant material consisted of 30 genotypes of bread and durum wheat of worldwide origin. The trials were sown at three locations in Serbia during two vegetation seasons 2010-2011 and 2011-2012. Protein content, wet gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume and deformation energy were determined by near infrared spectrometry. The objectives of this investigation were to assess: i) variability, components of variance, heritability in a broad sense (hb2)expected genetic advance for protein content, wet gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume and deformation energy; ii) associations between agronomic characteristics and protein content, wet gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume and deformation energy in order to determine indirect selection feasibility. In durum wheat, the highest coefficients of genetic and phenotypic variation (CVg and CVph) were recorded for deformation energy in bread wheat (18% and 18.4%, respectively), whereas the lowest values of 4.1% and 4.6% were shown for protein content. The relation genetic component of variance (σg2)/component of variance due to genotype × environment interaction (σge2) < 1 was observed for protein content (3.2), wet gluten content (2.9) and deformation energy (3.9), and equal to one for Zeleny sedimentation volume, in bread wheat. In durum wheat, σge2/σg2< 1 was detected for protein content (1.4), wet gluten content (1.5), Zeleny sedimentation volume (2.1) and deformation energy (1.4). Considering very high and high hb2 observed for deformation energy and Zeleny sedimentation volume (95.8% and 86.2%, respectively) in bread wheat, coupled with high genetic advance (36.3% and 28.1%, respectively), success from classical breeding can be anticipated. Grain thickness was strongly associated with Zeleny sedimentation volume, and to a lesser extent with protein content, wet gluten content and deformation energy in bread and durum wheat, and along with grain vitreousness in durum wheat, can serve for indirect selection

Rezultati istraživanja višegodišnje primene nove linije mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini

This paper presents the results of the application of the machines and tools for new technologies in plant production for two years of research. The comparative analysis of the influence of new technologies and new types of machines was done, and also the effect of conventional tillage systems on several agricultural crops (sunflower, commercial maize and wheat). During the experiment, we analyzed the effects of application of new line of machines to: physical properties of soil, morphological features of crops, use of energy and yield, and we also analyzed the economic aspects of the application. On the control plots, a conventional tillage system was simultaneously applied for comparative analysis of the previously mentioned factors. Trials were conducted on production plots of Maize Research Institute 'Zemun Polje' in Krnješevci from October 2008 until July 2010.U ovom radu su prikazani dvogodišnji rezultati primene mašina i oruđa za nove tehnologije u biljnoj proizvodnji. Izvršena je uporedna analiza uticaja primene nove tehnologije i nove linije mašina, kao i uticaj konvencionalnog sistema obrade na nekoliko ratarskih kultura (suncokret, merkantilni kukuruz i pšenica). U toku ispitivanja, analizirani su uticaji primene nove linije mašina na: fizičke osobine zemljišta, morfološke osobine gajenih biljaka, utrošak energije i prinos, a takođe su analizirani i ekonomski aspekti primene. Na kontrolnim parcelama je istovremeno bio primenjen konvencionalni sistem obrade, radi uporedne analize prethodno pomenutih faktora. Ogledi su izvedeni na proizvodnim parcelama Instituta za kukuruz 'Zemun Polje' u Krnješevcima u periodu od oktobra 2008. godine do jula 2010. godine

Primena mašina i agregata u obradi zemljišta podrivanjem i rastresanjem - efekti i posledice

This paper deals with specific and important effects of machinery and mechanisms in deep soil cultivation by subsoiling and trashing. Soil cultivation by trashing working bodies improves water conservation in soils, their fertility and yields and significantly affects total energy consumption. Energy consumpation, effects and consequences which occured in soils are significant parameters in adoption of machinery and tractors for trashing, especialy dry soils. Nowdays, reduced tillage, because of economic reasons, signifficantly influence plant production effects, first of all crop yield. Rational solutions of machinery and technologies in this field require serious research.U radu su opisani značajni i specifični faktori uticaja primene mašina i agregata u postupcima duboke obrade zemljišta podrivanjem i rastresanjem. Duboka obrada zemljišta razrivačkim (podrivačkim) radnim telima sa zadatkom poboljšanja procesa konzervacije vlage u zemljištu i plodnosti zemljišta i prinosa, značajno utiče na ukupnu potrošnju energije. Potrošnja energije ostvareni efekti i posledice koje nastaju u zemljištu su značajni parametri kod izbora mašina i traktora kojima se obavlja podrivanje i rastresanje posebno u nedostatku vlage u zemljištu. Poslednjih godina redukovana obrada zemljišta iz poznatih razloga (ekonomska kriza) značajno utiče na efekte biljne proizvodnje, prvenstveno prinose poljoprivrednih kultura. Racionalna rešenja mašina i tehnologija u ovoj oblasti zahtevaju ozbiljna istraživanja

Uticaj jesenje obrade na sabijanje teških zemljišta

Soil compaction caused by traffic of heavy vehicles and machinery results in soil structure deterioration, both in the topsoil and in the subsoil. Changes in agricultural production technique have been dramatic over the past few decades. Tillage intensity has increased or decreased depending on local circumstances, but in all cases there has been a steady upward trend in tractor power and machinery axle load. Increased loads are causing damage to the structure of the soil. This damage has increased the risk of soil erosion and raised the energy demand for cultivation. In this paper using of agricultural mechanization are presents, in heavy soil autumn tillage. Parameters of compaction marsh soil are reviewed. Penetration resistance or soil cone index was measured to quantify the level of soil compaction.Sabijenost zemljišta prouzrokovana saobraćajem teških vozila i mašina rezultira kvarenje strukture zemljišta, u gornjem (površinskom) i donjem (dubokom) sloju zemljišta. Promene u poljoprivrednoj tehnici su bile velike zadnjih decenija. Intenzitet obrade se povećavao ili smanjivao u zavisnosti od lokalnih okolnosti, ali u svim slučajevima je trend stalnog povećanja snage traktorskog motora i osovinskog opterećenja mašina. Povećanje opterećenja prouzrokuje oštećenje strukture zemljišta, koje povećava rizik od erozije zemljišta i povećava potrošnju energije za obradu. U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja korišćenja sredstava mehanizacije poljoprivrede u jesenjoj obradi teških zemljišta. Prikazani su parametri sabijanja ritske crnice. Otpor penetracije ili zemljišni indeks konusa (CI) je meren za kvantitativno određivanje nivoa sabijenosti zemljišta