The area of farms and their influence on generating negative externalities

Purpose: The aim of the research is to identify and assess the negative external effects of agricultural activity and determine whether their level is dependent on the size of farms, agricultural area expressed, in spatial terms in Poland. Design/Methodology/Approach: The time range of the collected research material covered the years 2008-2015. A synthetic measure of the assessment was used, which enabled ranking the studied regions in terms of the indicator of agri-environmental externalities. In order to verify the accepted hypothesis, an econometric model explaining the relationship between the emerging environmental effects and the surface of farms is proposed. The collected empirical material aggregated in the panel form is used to build the model. Findings: The results indicate significant differences in the generation of negative environmental effects between regions in Poland. It is also found that there is a relationship between the size of agricultural area on farms and the level of negative agri-environmental externalities. Practical Implications: The results obtained may be used for development of the agricultural policy, aimed at agricultural companies, depending on their size, expressed as the area of arable land. Originality/Value: The results are original due to the possibility of being used in any country (region). They enable identification of environmental threats caused by agricultural production, depending on farm agricultural enterprise size. They may be used for development of prospective scenarios for agricultural policy.peer-reviewe

Experimental investigation of mid-infrared laser action from DY3+ doped fluorozirconate fiber

Efficient continuous-wave laser operation at 2.982 μm is achieved with a Dy3:fluoride fiber pumped using an inhouse-built 1.1 μm ytterbium (III) fiber laser. The laser output power reached is 554 mW, with a maximum slope efficiency of 18% with respect to the launched pump power. Additionally, the measured spontaneous luminescence within the visible wavelength range, under 1.1 μm pumping, is presented and attributed to excited state absorption (ESA). The influence of the ESA on the laser performance is discussed. The results confirm that high output powers from Dy: fluoride fiber laser pumped at 1.1 μm are possible

BIOGOSPODARKA JAKO STRATEGICZNY ELEMENT ZRÓWNOWAŻONEGO ROLNICTWA

The aim of the study is to define and quantify the potential of the bio-economy. Faced with problems of unsustainable exploitation of natural resources and climate change, bio-economy is an opportunity for overcoming the negative impact of production on the environment. It covers the sectors of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food and pulp and paper production, as well as parts of the chemical industry, biotechnology and energy. The basis of the source statistics are the European Commission and literature

FARM CONSOLIDATION AS AN EXAMPLE OF INTERNALIZING EXTERNALITIES IN AGRICULT

The paper deals with the issue of internalising external effects arising during agricultural production. An example was the account of an agritourism farm and a swine farm. Using the Edgeworth box concept, difficulties in establishing a market equilibrium without precisely established property rights are presented. The aim of the study was to indicate a possible solution to the problem of negative external effects. It was indicated that the internalization of unfavorable phenomena resulting from agricultural production may take place across farms. The rationality of such a solution was documented using the profit maximization functions of separate and post-merger farms. In a newly established entity, in order to maximize the benefits of pig production and the offered accommodation places, the factors increasing the emission of odor to the atmosphere should be limited to a socially acceptable level. The theoretical nature of the presented possibilities of limiting the adverse effects of agricultural production for society may take on real shape. The currently observed direction of changes in agriculture towards the creation of farms with an increasing area allows to suppose that a certain amount of negative externalities will be limited, and therefore the social costs of production will partially be reduced. It is difficult to indicate specific values, e.g. reduced social costs, but it is important that the direction of changes is socially desirable

STRUKTURA UŻYTKÓW ROLNYCH JAKO ROLNICZY ELEMENT BIORÓŻNORODNOŚCI

Celem pracy jest próba wskazania kluczowych czynników związanych z użytkowaniem gruntów rolnych, mających wpływ na zachowanie bioróżnorodności na terenach wiejskich. Wykorzystano wskaźniki udziału trwałych użytków zielonych, gruntów ugorowanych i odłogowanych oraz powierzchni ekologicznych w strukturze użytków rolnych. Praca ma charakter opisowy i stanowi przyczynek do dalszych rozważań w omawianym obszarze badawczym. Stwierdzono, że struktura użytków rolnych może mieć wpływ na poziom różnorodności biologicznej na terenach wiejskich

THE EXTERNAL EFFECTS IN AGRICULTURE AND METHODS FOR REGULATING

The paper presents the problem of the presence of externalities in agriculture, and their impact on the provision of public goods by agriculture. The work is a theoretical so for the realization of the theme was used mainly studying Polish and foreign literature. It also presents action to regulate the level of external effects (positive and negative) for the formation of agri-environmental public goods - agri-environmental program under RDP 2007-2013. The views presented were used to asking the questions, which can be the basis for further considerations related to a more in-depth analysis of the problems of a complex socio-environmental and economic

FARM CONSOLIDATION AS AN EXAMPLE OF INTERNALIZING EXTERNALITIES IN AGRICULT

The paper deals with the issue of internalising external effects arising during agricultural production. An example was the account of an agritourism farm and a swine farm. Using the Edgeworth box concept, difficulties in establishing a market equilibrium without precisely established property rights are presented. The aim of the study was to indicate a possible solution to the problem of negative external effects. It was indicated that the internalization of unfavorable phenomena resulting from agricultural production may take place across farms. The rationality of such a solution was documented using the profit maximization functions of separate and post-merger farms. In a newly established entity, in order to maximize the benefits of pig production and the offered accommodation places, the factors increasing the emission of odor to the atmosphere should be limited to a socially acceptable level. The theoretical nature of the presented possibilities of limiting the adverse effects of agricultural production for society may take on real shape. The currently observed direction of changes in agriculture towards the creation of farms with an increasing area allows to suppose that a certain amount of negative externalities will be limited, and therefore the social costs of production will partially be reduced. It is difficult to indicate specific values, e.g. reduced social costs, but it is important that the direction of changes is socially desirable

Zmiany poziomu emisji gazów cieplarnianych w produkcji rolnej

Issues related to the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere are still very current theme and focusing the attention of representatives of scientific and political spheres. Implementation of many solutions aimed at reducing the release of these compounds in every sector of the global economy. Also in the agricultural sector actions made for this purpose. Particular attention should be paid to the issue of production technology considering greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture. EU farmers’ investment in modern machinery and adherence to the principles of cross-compliance and good agricultural practices have played an important role in reducing harmful emissions into the atmosphere. However, the risks associated with maintaining food security on a global scale will continue to significantly affect the level of intensity of use of natural resources by the agricultural sector, which will translate into the level of greenhouse gas emissions in this sector of the economy

Zanieczyszczenie wody jako negatywny efekt działalności rolniczej

Agriculture uses natural resources. The most impact on the environment. This impact is positive or negative. One of the negative aspects of the agricultural pollution. This paper attempts to present the main sources of water pollution from agricultural activities. The data related to years 2000 to 2015. The main causes of deterioration in water quality in rural areas is the use and improper storage of fertilizers and the use of an incorrect amount of plant protection products. Also presented various forms of legislative regulations aimed at reducing the water pollution resulting from the agricultural activities