541 research outputs found
The influence of employment uncertainty on childbearing in France: A tempo or quantum effect?
This paper investigates whether unemployment and insecure employment periods merely delay fertility or also impact on completed fertility in France. It analyses both the timing of first childbearing and the fertility reached at age 40. Different indicators of declining employment security are used, i.e. current individual employment characteristics, the accumulation of unstable jobs, and aggregate-level indicators of employment uncertainty. Male unemployment has a negative influence on the timing of first childbearing, while periods of insecure employment delay fertility for women. Completed fertility is impacted by unemployment spells only for men who have faced long-term unemployment. Employment uncertainty thus tends to delay first parenthood but has a relatively weak effect on lifetime fertility in France. Generous state support to families associated with a generous unemployment insurance system, and the strong French two-child family norm may explain why economic uncertainty affects fertility less than elsewhere.birth parity, event history analysis, fertility, gender, labor market, short-term employment, unemployment
France: High and stable fertility
The current total fertility rate in France is around 1.9 children per woman. This is a relatively high level by current European standards and makes France an outlier, despite the fact that its other demographic trends, especially conjugal behaviour, and social and economic trends are not very different from other Western European countries. France can serve as a counterfactual test case for some of the hypotheses advanced to explain the current low level of fertility in most European countries (delay in fertility, decline in marriage, increased birth control, greater economic uncertainty). Franceâs fertility level can be partly explained by its active family policy introduced after the Second World War, and adapted in the 1980s to accommodate womenâs entry into the labour force. This policy is the result of a battle, fuelled by pro-natalism, between the conservative supporters of family values and the promoters of state-supported individual equality. French family policy thus encompasses a wide range of measures based on varying ideological backgrounds, and it is difficult to classify in comparison to the more precisely focused family policies of other European welfare states. The active family policy seems to have created especially positive attitudes towards two- or three child families in France.childbearing, fertility, France
Child-related career interruptions and the gender wage gap in France
In this paper, we investigate the extent of the effects of children and child-related time out of the labor market on the gender wage gap in France, with special attention to its impact on the accumulation and composition of human capital. Measuring this impact requires detailed information on the individualsâ activity history that is rarely available. The French survey "Families and Employers" (Ined, 2005) provides this information. We first look at men's and women's wage determinants, including the penalties associated with unemployment and time out of the labor market. We find that having controlled for the jobs' characteristics and selection into employment, there is a penalty attached to child-related time out of the labor market, which affects only women. We do not find any direct negative impact of children on women's current hourly wage at the mean. Then for a sub-sample of men and women aged from 39 to 49, we use a decomposition of the gender wage gap into an "interruption" wage gap between women and a gender wage gap between women who have never taken child-related time out and men; we find that the wage gap between men and women who have never interrupted their participation in the labor force is essentially "unexplained", while the wage gap between women who have had child-related interruptions and women who have not is essentially "explained".Wages, Human capital, Children, Family pay gap, Statistical discrimination, Wage gap decomposition
French family policy: long tradition and diversified measures
In France, the intervention of the state in the private sphere has long been accepted as legitimate. The current French family policy is the result of a compromise between the objectives of raising fertility, providing income support to families and promoting the work-family balance. Thus it includes a wide range of measures based on a variety of ideological standpoints. It combines measures encouraging women's employment with others in favour of large families. Recently, employers have been encouraged to implement family-friendly policies of their own. Since the state family policy is already quite comprehensive, their participation is rather low. This long-term `mix of tools' is likely to be a factor behind the current high fertility in France, but the number and the complexity of family policy measures make it very difficult to quantify their overall effect on fertility.
Information systems for the management of operational risk: survey in the Argentine financial system (In Spanish)
A survey of the information systems for the control, measurement and mitigation of operational risk (OR) was carried out, with a representative sample of banks of the argentine financial system. The survey was structured in three sections: i. organizacional structure and resources for the management of OR; ii. data monitoring and back up and; iii. other aspects. With the results of the survey, four groups of financial institutions were distinguished with regard to OR information systems: i. those that have assigned the function to a specific sector and have advanced in the registration of OR events and in the measurement of their impact, with the object estimating and mitigating the OR; ii. those in which the function is in charge of other areas related to the management of risks and/or audit, but that register important developments in their OR information systems; iii. those with a specific management unit responsible for the function, but that are in a preliminary stage as far as the measurement of OR and; iv. organizations that lack an area responsible for the administration and measurement of OR, but nevertheless register OR event data. A conclusion of the paper is that while most local banks are still in an initial stage regarding information systems for OR and in general lack an integral approach to OR management, their registries usualy contain data regarding OR events useful to perform estimations. The financial institutions also consider the measurement and control of OR as an important factor, since they consider that its consequences have huge cost although they can be mitigated.Operational Risk; Information Systems; Survey
Do the descendants of immigrants become adults sooner or later than native-born? Evidence from the French Generations and Gender Survey
- The French Generations and Gender Survey contains detailed information to study the exit from parental home and family formation processes among children of immigrants born in France. The longitudinal information contained in this data allows to trace the main events experienced in the early stages of the life course. Moreover, it contains information about the year of arrival in the host country and the characteristics of parents.- The timing in the transition to adulthood for the second generation from European countries is close to the transition of native French individuals.- Second generations from Maghreb leave the parental home and live with a first spouse â married or not â later than French natives, but only those with two immigrant parents
Qualitative techniques for managing operational risk
Qualitative techniques are essential tools for identifying and assessing operational risk (OR). Their relevance in assessing OR can be understood due to the lack of a quantitative static model capable of capturing the dynamic operational risk profile which is shaped by managerial decisions. An operational risk profile obtained solely from historical loss data could further change due to corrective actions implemented by the bank after the occurrence of those events. This document introduces some of the most common techniques used to manage OR including OR self-assessment, key risk indicators (KRIs), risk-mapping, scorecards and scenario-analysis. These techniques are still relatively new and the particular features of each bank shape the way they are implemented. Due to the heterogeneity in the way these techniques are applied, the document offers many examples to illustrate the use of these managerial tools.Operational risk; Risk self-assesment; risk-mapping; key risk indicators; scorecards; scenario analysis
Transition to adulthood in France: Do descendants of immigrants differ from natives ?
This study examines whether major changes in patterns of transition to adulthood have taken place among descendants of immigrants in France. We simultaneously analyze the demographic events that make up the transition to adulthood for two main groups of immigrantsâ descendants, i.e., North African and Southern European, and compare them to the pathway of native-born French. We identify five groups of similar trajectories using sequence and cluster analysis. In order to analyze how trajectories to adulthood are shaped by ethnic origin, gender, background characteristics and education, we estimate multinomial logistic regression on the likelihood of belonging to each of the five selected clusters. We find fairly similar paths to adulthood for descendants of immigrants and natives. However, specific patterns do emerge for immigrantsâ descendants. They stay significantly longer in the parental home, partly because their parents come from societies characterized by strong family ties, and partly because they have greater difficulties becoming self-sufficient. Descendants of immigrants from North Africa, especially women, also have a lower probability of cohabiting. Finally, descendants of immigrants from North Africa behave more traditionally while descendants of immigrants from Southern Europe behave more like native French
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