Erwartungs(un)sicherheit durch Gerichte. Methoden und Chiffren der Justiz

Nicht nur Politik und Gesetzgebung, sondern auch Gerichte greifen in die Spielregeln der Wirtschaft ein und definieren damit die Rahmenbedingungen der Marktakteure mit. Durch ihre Entscheidungen können sie die Erwartungen und damit das Handeln der Akteure signifikant beeinflussen und einerseits Handlungsräume eröffnen, andererseits aber auch gewohnte institutionelle settings in Frage stellen oder aufgeben. Diese Prozesse laufen auch unabhängig von Veränderungen des gesetzlichen Regelungsrahmens ab und sie sind keineswegs auf bestimmte Rechtsordnungen beschränkt. Gerichte können bestehendes Recht von tradierten Deutungen lösen und an sich ändernde ökonomische Rahmenbedingungen anpassen. Anhand dreier Fallstudien der deutschen und europäischen Zivilgerichtsbarkeit geht der Beitrag der Frage nach, wie Gerichte wirtschaftliche Erwartungs(un)sicherheit generiert und welche Methoden sie dafür genutzt haben.The rules of the game are not only influenced by politics and legislation, but also by the courts, which help define the framework conditions for market players. Through their decisions, they can significantly influence the expectations and thus the actions of the actors and on the one hand open up scope for action, but on the other hand also question or abandon familiar institutional settings. These processes also occur independently of changes in the legal regulatory framework and are by no means restricted to specific legal systems. Courts can detach existing law from traditional interpretations and adapt it to changing economic conditions. On the basis of three case studies of German and European civil jurisdiction, this article examines how courts generate economic expectation (in)security and which methods they have used to do so.Not Reviewe

Industrialisierung als Staatsaufgabe

Industrialization in legal history has hitherto often been regarded as part of the history of private law and economic legal history. However, the role of the state in this process is still unclear: What concrete measures were taken by the state in order to promote industry and trade? What kind of normative and legal instruments did the state apply in order to encourage economic growth? The following article tries to find answers to these questions in the sources of general public law between 1815 and 1848. Taking the kingdom of Saxony as an example, it can be observed that the models developed in public law theory were also widely implemented in public practice before 1848

BANKENREGULIERUNG ZUR STÄRKUNG DER KRISENPRÄVENTION? Die staatliche Aufsicht über die Kreditwirtschaft im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert

Mit dem Ausbruch der Finanzkrise 2008 haben viele eine Stärkung der staatlichen Krisenprävention durch einen Ausbau und eine Verschärfung der bestehenden Bankenaufsicht gefordert. Der Gesetzgeber ist dieser Forderung an verschiedenen Stellen seit 2009 nachgekommen. Das wirft die generelle Frage nach der präventiven Wirkung und der Effizienz aufsichtsrechtlicher Regelungen in diesem Bereich auf. Der folgende Beitrag lenkt den Blick auf die Bewältigung vergangener Bankenkrisen und versucht aus rechtshistorischer Perspektive eine Antwort zu geben

Industrialisierung als Staatsaufgabe

Industrialization in legal history has hitherto often been regarded as part of the history of private law and economic legal history. However, the role of the state in this process is still unclear: What concrete measures were taken by the state in order to promote industry and trade? What kind of normative and legal instruments did the state apply in order to encourage economic growth? The following article tries to find answers to these questions in the sources of general public law between 1815 and 1848. Taking the kingdom of Saxony as an example, it can be observed that the models developed in public law theory were also widely implemented in public practice before 1848

Some observations of diatoms under turbulence

The effect of turbulence on several freshwater diatom taxa was investigated and our findings are described herein. We have compared diatom morphology in shallow natural systems that experience turbulence due to wind and in river/waterfall systems where turbulence is due to high flow rates. We have also introduced turbulence into diatom laboratory cultures by mechanical shaking and by forcing air into the media. In particular, we have studied diatoms in five independent environments or cultures: the freshwater diatoms Tabellaria and Eunotia in equatorial lakes experiencing extreme seasonal variability in depth; two freshwater diatom monocultures of Aulacoseira granulata var angustissima and Melosira varians in the laboratory; and a freshwater diatom community possessing equal amounts (by number) of elongated and non-elongated diatoms (mostly Nitzschia and mostly Cyclotella, respectively) in the laboratory. We have demonstrated the effect of turbulence on freshwater diatom frustule morphologies and, perhaps more importantly, the effect of turbulence on freshwater diatom species population after controlled perturbation of the organisms’ environment. It has been widely reported that symmetry is often preferred in biological evolution, however here we have observed a preference towards asymmetry for the survival of diatoms in the presence of environmental stress (in particular, turbulence). We also note that to date there have been no systematic attempts to manipulate diatom frustules using external stimuli. We therefore present a proof-of-concept study in order to demonstrate: (i) that diatom morphologies can be manipulated by controlled simple external triggers (chemical and physical) (ii) that population balance (i.e. natural selection) can be controlled via simple external triggers (chemical and physical). This approach could open up an entire new field of future studies wherein controlled environmental perturbations are used to manipulate the structure, form, growth and reproduction of biological species