Pengaruh Orang Tua Tunggal terhadap Pembentukan Sikap Anak di Desa Bone-bone Kecamatan Baraka Kabupaten Enrekang

In every life someone will always be in touch with family. The family is a group that identifies themselves from its members consisting of two or more individuals, whether it is blood relations or legally, but functions in such a way that they consider themselves as family. It\u27s different with single parent families, where there is only one parent, both father and mother. Family care patterns applied by parents in educating children are several ways: authoritarian parenting, muscle-loving parenting, democratic parenting, and caring patterns. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of single parents on the formation of children\u27s attitudes in Bone-Bone Village, Baraka District, Enrekang Regency. This research is a type of quantitative research that examines the relationship of two variables. The number of samples in this study amounted to 28 people using saturated sampling techniques. The data collection techniques used were questionnaires and documentation. The data analysis technique used is to create a helper table, simple regression analysis, find the Syx value, regression b (Sb) and determine the value of the T test. The results of this study indicate that (1) the care of single parents is in a pretty good category, namely: the average score of 36 which is located in the interval / qualification 39-35 is proven by analyzing the results of questionnaires from 28 respondents, the value of the range of variables X divided by the number of classes variable X. (2) the formation of children\u27s attitudes in Bone-Bone Village, Baraka District, Enrekang Regency is in a pretty good category, namely: an average score of 45 which is located in the 48-45 interval / qualification as evidenced by analyzing the questionnaire of 28 respondents namely the range value variable Y is divided by the number of classes of variable Y. If the value of variable X is higher then the value of variable Y will also be higher. The dominant parenting pattern in this study is authoritative parenting, where care is high in demand and acceptance is also high. (3) Operant Conditioning and Social Learning Theory is very effective in forming children\u27s attitudes. Where this theory is based on habituation and imitation of the environment. The results of the analysis on simple regression statistical tests, namely the t test, obtained the hypothesis test results that that t count (t0)> from 15.33 t table is 2.05. (15,33> 2,05). Thus, H_odi reject and H_adi accept, thus it can be concluded that there is a single parent influence on the formation of children\u27s attitudes in Bone-Bone Village, Baraka District, Enrekang Regency

Low incidence of new biochemical and clinical hypogonadism following hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) monotherapy for low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The CyberKnife is an appealing delivery system for hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) because of its ability to deliver highly conformal radiation therapy to moving targets. This conformity is achieved via 100s of non-coplanar radiation beams, which could potentially increase transitory testicular irradiation and result in post-therapy hypogonadism. We report on our early experience with CyberKnife SBRT for low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients and assess the rate of inducing biochemical and clinical hypogonadism.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twenty-six patients were treated with hypofractionated SBRT to a dose of 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions. All patients had histologically confirmed low- to intermediate-risk prostate adenocarcinoma (clinical stage ≤ T2b, Gleason score ≤ 7, PSA ≤ 20 ng/ml). PSA and total testosterone levels were obtained pre-treatment, 1 month post-treatment and every 3 months thereafter, for 1 year. Biochemical hypogonadism was defined as a total serum testosterone level below 8 nmol/L. Urinary and gastrointestinal toxicity was assessed using Common Toxicity Criteria v3; quality of life was assessed using the American Urological Association Symptom Score, Sexual Health Inventory for Men and Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaires.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All 26 patients completed the treatment with a median 15 months (range, 13-19 months) follow-up. Median pre-treatment PSA was 5.75 ng/ml (range, 2.3-10.3 ng/ml), and a decrease to a median of 0.7 ng/ml (range, 0.2-1.8 ng/ml) was observed by one year post-treatment. The median pre-treatment total serum testosterone level was 13.81 nmol/L (range, 5.55 - 39.87 nmol/L). Post-treatment testosterone levels slowly decreased with the median value at one year follow-up of 10.53 nmol/L, significantly lower than the pre-treatment value (<it>p </it>< 0.013). The median absolute fall was 3.28 nmol/L and the median percent fall was 23.75%. There was no increase in biochemical hypogonadism at one year post-treatment. Average EPIC sexual and hormonal scores were not significantly changed by one year post-treatment.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Hypofractionated SBRT offers the radiobiological benefit of a large fraction size and is well-tolerated by men with low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Early results are encouraging with an excellent biochemical response. The rate of new biochemical and clinical hypogonadism was low one year after treatment.</p