A Dual Electrochrome of Poly-(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Doped by N,N’-Bis(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-4’-bipyridinium—Redox Chemistry and Electrochromism in Flexible Devices

An electrochromic zwitterionic viologen, N,N’-bis(3-sulfonatopropyl)- 4-4’-bipyridinium, has been used for the first time for doping poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene) (PEDOT) films during electropolymerization. Slow and fast diffusional rates for the monomer at deposition potentials of +1.2 and +1.8 V, respectively yielded the viologen-doped PEDOT films with granular morphology and with dendrite-like shapes. The dual electrochrome formed at +1.8 V, showed enhanced coloration efficiency,larger electrochemical charge storage capacity, and superior redox activity in comparison to its analogue grown at +1.2 V, thus demonstrating the role of dendritic shapes in amplifying electrochromism. Flexible electrochromic devices fabricated with the viologen-doped PEDOT film grown at +1.8 V and Prussian blue with an ionic liquid-based gel electrolyte film showed reversible coloration between pale and dark purple with maximum coloration efficiency of 187 cm2C1 at l=693 nm. The diffusional impedance parameters and switching kinetics of the device showed the suitability of this dual electrochrome formed as a single layer for practical electrochromic cells

Consequences of the Evolution of the GABAA Receptor Gene Family

1. This paper reviews the evolution of the family of genes present in mammals and other vertebrates that encode $?$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A (GABAA) receptors, which are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). In mammals, 16 different polypeptides ($?$1--$?$6, $?$1--$?$3, $?$1--$?$3, $?$, $?$, $?$, and $?$) have been identified, using recombinant DNA techniques, each of which is encoded by a distinct gene. The products of these genes assemble in diverse combinations to form a variety of receptor subtypes that have different sensitivities to a number of clinically relevant compounds, such as the benzodiazepines (BZs)

A dual electrochrome of poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped by N,N′-bis(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-4′-bipyridinium-redox chemistry and electrochromism in flexible devices

An electrochromic zwitterionic viologen, N,N′-bis(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-4′-bipyridinium, has been used for the first time for doping poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene) (PEDOT) films during electropolymerization. Slow and fast diffusional rates for the monomer at deposition potentials of +1.2 and +1.8 V, respectively yielded the viologen-doped PEDOT films with granular morphology and with dendrite-like shapes. The dual electrochrome formed at +1.8 V, showed enhanced coloration efficiency, larger electrochemical charge storage capacity, and superior redox activity in comparison to its analogue grown at +1.2 V, thus demonstrating the role of dendritic shapes in amplifying electrochromism. Flexible electrochromic devices fabricated with the viologen-doped PEDOT film grown at +1.8 V and Prussian blue with an ionic liquid-based gel electrolyte film showed reversible coloration between pale and dark purple with maximum coloration efficiency of 187 cm² C⁻¹ at λ=693 nm. The diffusional impedance parameters and switching kinetics of the device showed the suitability of this dual electrochrome formed as a single layer for practical electrochromic cells

Lumen Apposing Metal Stents in Drainage of Pancreatic Walled-Off Necrosis, Are They Any Better Than Plastic Stents? a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Published Since the Revised Atlanta Classification of Pancreatic Fluid Collections

Lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) are increasingly being used in the drainage of pancreatic walled-off necrosis (WON). Best choice of stent is subject to argument, and studies are varied in the reported outcomes between LAMS and plastic stents (PS) to this end. We conducted a comprehensive search of multiple electronic databases and conference proceedings including PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases (earliest inception through July 2018) to identify studies that reported on the use of LAMS and PS in WON drainage. Studies published since the release of the revised Atlanta classification for pancreatic fluid collections (2014 to current) were included in the analysis. The outcomes were to estimate and compare the pooled rates of clinical success, and adverse-events. A total of 9 studies (737 patients) for LAMS and 6 studies (527 patients) for PS were included in the analysis. The pooled rate of clinical-success with LAMS was 88.5% (95% CI 82.5-92.6, I2 = 71.7) and with PS was 88.1% (95% CI 80.5-93.0, I2 = 78.1) and the difference was not statistically significant, P = 0.93. No difference was noted in the pooled rates of all adverse-events, LAMS: 11.2% (6.8-17.9, I2 = 82.0); vs PS: 15.9% (8.4-27.8, I2 = 78.8); P = 0.38. Based on our meta-analysis, LAMS and PS demonstrate equal clinical outcomes and equal adverse-events in the drainage of pancreatic WON