Arbuscular Mycorrhizas Alleviate Plant Stress : Analysis of Studies from South America

Fil: Pagano, Marcela Claudia. Department of Physics. Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; BrazilFil: Cabello, Marta Noemí. División Instituto Spegazzini. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

Mycorrhizal Interactions for Reforestation: Constraints to Dryland Agroforest in Brazil

Reforestation provides restoration of forest ecosystem services including improved soil fertility, which leads to increased productivity and/or sustainability of the system. Trees also increase the average carbon stocks providing wood supply for local communities; however, C sequestration strategies highlight tree plantations without considering their full environmental consequences, such as losses in stream flow. The productivity of a site is a consequence of their physical, chemical, and biological properties, resulting in natural fertile soils or adequate managed soils for improved quality. Thus, it is required to know the variations in the properties of land-use systems for adoptability of agroforestry innovations. The choice of agroforestry tree species (highly mycorrhizal dependent plants should be selected) would have great implications for the manipulation of arbuscular mycorrhizas’s species. In dry forest, the inevitable consequence of cutting has been the loss of vegetation cover and insufficient scientific information on the capacity to optimize forest recuperation affects agroforestry adoption. To study the biological properties of soils is now of interest; therefore, this paper reviews the literature that has hitherto been published on mycorrhizal interactions for reforestation and points out the use ofmycorrhizal technology as one of the alternatives to improve forest products and environmental quality

Mycorrhizal Interactions for Reforestation: Constraints to Dryland Agroforest in Brazil

Reforestation provides restoration of forest ecosystem services including improved soil fertility, which leads to increased productivity and/or sustainability of the system. Trees also increase the average carbon stocks providing wood supply for local communities; however, C sequestration strategies highlight tree plantations without considering their full environmental consequences, such as losses in stream flow. The productivity of a site is a consequence of their physical, chemical, and biological properties, resulting in natural fertile soils or adequate managed soils for improved quality. Thus, it is required to know the variations in the properties of land-use systems for adoptability of agroforestry innovations. The choice of agroforestry tree species (highly mycorrhizal dependent plants should be selected) would have great implications for the manipulation of arbuscular mycorrhizas’s species. In dry forest, the inevitable consequence of cutting has been the loss of vegetation cover and insufficient scientific information on the capacity to optimize forest recuperation affects agroforestry adoption. To study the biological properties of soils is now of interest; therefore, this paper reviews the literature that has hitherto been published on mycorrhizal interactions for reforestation and points out the use ofmycorrhizal technology as one of the alternatives to improve forest products and environmental quality.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Mycorrhizal Interactions for Reforestation: Constraints to Dryland Agroforest in Brazil

Reforestation provides restoration of forest ecosystem services including improved soil fertility, which leads to increased productivity and/or sustainability of the system. Trees also increase the average carbon stocks providing wood supply for local communities; however, C sequestration strategies highlight tree plantations without considering their full environmental consequences, such as losses in stream flow. The productivity of a site is a consequence of their physical, chemical, and biological properties, resulting in natural fertile soils or adequate managed soils for improved quality. Thus, it is required to know the variations in the properties of land-use systems for adoptability of agroforestry innovations. The choice of agroforestry tree species (highly mycorrhizal dependent plants should be selected) would have great implications for the manipulation of arbuscular mycorrhizas’s species. In dry forest, the inevitable consequence of cutting has been the loss of vegetation cover and insufficient scientific information on the capacity to optimize forest recuperation affects agroforestry adoption. To study the biological properties of soils is now of interest; therefore, this paper reviews the literature that has hitherto been published on mycorrhizal interactions for reforestation and points out the use ofmycorrhizal technology as one of the alternatives to improve forest products and environmental quality.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Diversity and Benefits of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Restored Riparian Plantations

Due to the increasing use of vegetation for fuel wood, cattle, agriculture, and due to population pressure that negatively affects biodiversity values, more plantations are needed to obtain a permanent vegetal cover. Attention has been paid to microbial interactions (arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM)) for management and inoculation. To evaluate the benefits of inoculation, the root colonization of inoculated seedlings, soil aggregation, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) diversity were examined by two field treatments (fertilized with organic matter (OM) vs. fertilized with natural rock phosphate (P)). The preserved and experimental areas presented higher AMF spore number and richness (nine species) than the degraded areas. The addition of OM or P did not improve root colonization by AMF; however, it was a guarantee for a successful restoration as, in the restored fields, a high soil aggregation was found, in addition to a high root colonization, spore number, and richness of AMF. However, the undisturbed site presented the more prominent values. This study showed that AMF are important components in riparian areas, and it brings information for inoculant production in ecological restoration using mixed plantations, contributing to the establishment of mycorrhizal vegetation and soil aggregation that not only benefit AM plants, but also allow non-host plants in degraded areas.Fil: Pagano, Marcela. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Azevedo Correa, Eduardo J.. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Lugo, Mónica Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Duarte, Neimar F.. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasi

Occurrence of Mycorrhizas in highland fields

Fil: Pagano, Marcela Claudia. Federal University of Ceará; BrazilFil: Cabello, Marta Noemí. División Instituto Spegazzini. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

Mycorrhizal Interactions for Reforestation: Constraints to Dryland Agroforest in Brazil

Reforestation provides restoration of forest ecosystem services including improved soil fertility, which leads to increased productivity and/or sustainability of the system. Trees also increase the average carbon stocks providing wood supply for local communities; however, C sequestration strategies highlight tree plantations without considering their full environmental consequences, such as losses in stream flow. The productivity of a site is a consequence of their physical, chemical, and biological properties, resulting in natural fertile soils or adequate managed soils for improved quality. Thus, it is required to know the variations in the properties of land-use systems for adoptability of agroforestry innovations. The choice of agroforestry tree species (highly mycorrhizal dependent plants should be selected) would have great implications for the manipulation of arbuscular mycorrhizas’s species. In dry forest, the inevitable consequence of cutting has been the loss of vegetation cover and insufficient scientific information on the capacity to optimize forest recuperation affects agroforestry adoption. To study the biological properties of soils is now of interest; therefore, this paper reviews the literature that has hitherto been published on mycorrhizal interactions for reforestation and points out the use ofmycorrhizal technology as one of the alternatives to improve forest products and environmental quality.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Cinética de deshidratación osmótica de ciruelas D´Enté (<i>Prunus doméstica</i> L.)

El propósito del presente trabajo fue estudiar la cinética de deshidratación osmótica de ciruelas D´Enté (Prunus doméstica L.) evaluando el efecto de la concentración de la solución osmótica, el tipo de soluto, la temperatura, la relación fruta/solución y el tiempo de procesamiento sobre la humedad y el contenido de sólidos solubles. Fueron utilizadas para la deshidratación soluciones hipertónicas de jarabe de glucosa y sorbitol al 40 y 60% p/p durante 2 h a temperaturas de 25 y 40°C y con relaciones de fruta a agente osmótico de 1/4 y 1/10. El análisis de la varianza indicó que a diferencia de la temperatura del tratamiento osmótico, todas las variables ejercieron un efecto significativo sobre la humedad y el contenido de sólidos solubles de las ciruelas.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de AlimentosFacultad de Ingenierí

Dehydration of nectaries (Prunus persica var. nectarina) by combined methods

La deshidratación se presenta como una alternativa para la conservación de frutos estacionales como las frutas de carozo, que permite proveer el producto durante todo el año, para el consumo directo como fruta seca o como ingrediente de otros productos alimenticios. Durante el desarrollo de este trabajo se deshidrataron pelones de la variedad Caldesi por métodos combinados de deshidratación osmótica (DO) y secado por aire caliente (SAC) bajo diferentes condiciones. En una primera etapa, mediante la inmersión de las frutas en soluciones concentradas de azúcares, se logró la reducción de su contenido de humedad y el incremento del contenido de sólidos solubles, obteniéndose un producto poco estable para su conservación; a posteriori, la segunda etapa de secado con aire caliente permitió obtener un producto final estable de buena calidad organoléptica. Los pelones se seleccionaron y se lavaron con agua a temperatura ambiente, luego se pelaron y se cortaron manualmente en porciones de 1/16 (~3,2 g). En la DO las muestras se sumergieron en soluciones hipertónicas de distintos agentes osmóticos (AO) tales como jarabe de glucosa y sorbitol en concentraciones del 40% p/p durante 2 h a temperaturas (TDO) de 25 y 40 °C ± 0,5°C. La deshidratación se llevó adelante mediante agitación continua a 331 rpm y utilizando relaciones de fruta a agente osmótico (FR-AO) de 1:4 y 1:10. Los pelones osmodeshidratados se secaron por aire caliente a distintas temperaturas (TSAC) de 60, 70 y 80 ºC ± 0,5°C durante 5 h en una estufa de convección forzada. Durante la deshidratación osmótica y el secado por aire caliente, a intervalos regulares las muestras fueron evaluadas en peso (balanza analítica, precisión ± 0,0001 g), contenido de humedad (M) y contenido de sólidos solubles (SS). Mediante un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) con un 95% de confianza se evaluó el efecto de las distintas variables del proceso sobre la pérdida de agua (WL), la ganancia de sólidos solubles (SG), la razón de humedad (MR= M/Mo) y la razón de sólidos solubles (SR= SS/SSo) para la DO, y sobre la razón de humedad para el SAC. En la DO, la interacción (AO*FR-AO) presentó diferencias significativas para todas las variables estudiadas. El tiempo de tratamiento (TPO) sólo fue significativo para MR y SR. Las variables WL y SG fueron influenciadas significativamente por el (AO), la relación (FR-AO), la (TDO) y sus combinaciones. En el secado por aire caliente, la variable MR fue significativamente influenciada por el tiempo de tratamiento (TPO), el (AO), la relación (FR-AO), la (TSAC) y las interacciones (TPO*TSAC), (AO*FR-AO), (AO*TSAC) y (TDO*TSAC).Dehydration is an alternative for the preservation of seasonal stone fruits, because allows providing the product for direct consumption along the year and supplies dried fruit as an ingredient in other foodstuffs. In this work, nectarines of the Caldesi variety were dehydrated by combined methods based on osmotic dehydration (DO) and hot-air drying (SAC) under different conditions. In a first step, by immersing the fruit in concentrated sugar solutions, their moisture content was reduced and their content of soluble solids increased, yielding a poorly stable product for preservation; after then, the second stage of hot-air drying allows to obtain a very stable end-product with good organoleptic quality. The nectarines were selected and washed in water at room temperature; then, were manually peeled and cut into pieces of 1/16 (~3,2 g). During DO, samples were immersed in hypertonic solutions of different osmotic agents (AO) such as glucose syrup and sorbitol in concentrations of about 40% w/w for 2 hours at different temperatures (TDO) of 25 and 40°C ± 0.5°C. Dehydration was carried out at continuous agitation of 331 rpm and using relationships between fruit and osmotic agent (FR-AO) of 1:4 and 1:10. The osmodehydrated nectarines were dried by hot air at different temperatures (TSAC) of 60, 70 and 80ºC ± 0,5°C for 5 h in a forced convection oven. During osmotic dehydration and hot-air drying, at regular intervals, samples were evaluated in weight (analytical balance, precision ± 0,0001 g), moisture content (M) and total soluble solids (SS). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 95% of confidence was used to analyze the effect of different process variables on water loss (WL), soluble solids gain (SG), moisture ratio (MR = M/Mo) and the ratio of soluble solids (SR = SS/SSo) for DO, and on the moisture ratio for SAC. In the osmodehydration process, the interaction (FR-AO*AO) demonstrated significant differences for all variables studied. The treatment time (TPO) was only significant for MR and SR. The variables WL and SG were significantly influenced by the (AO), the ratio (FR-AO), the (TDO) and their combinations. In hot-air drying, the variable MR was significantly influenced by treatment time (TPO), the (AO), the ratio (FR-AO), the (TSAC) and the interactions (TPO*TSAC), (AO*FR-AO), (AO*TSAC) and (TDO*TSAC).Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de AlimentosFacultad de Ingenierí

Intercropping system of tropical leguminous species and Eucalyptus camaldulensis , inoculated with rhizobia and/or mycorrhizal fungi in semiarid Brazil

For the purpose of reforestation and wood supply the leguminous tree Anadenanthera peregrina, a native species, was intercropped with Eucalyptus camaldulensis in a degraded semiarid area of Brazil. Single and mixed stands of these species were inoculated with Rhizobium and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The growth of all species in mixed stands did not differ from those cultivated in monoculture and land equivalent ratio (LER) exceeded unity in intercropped plots. Inoculated plants showed greater height and diameter growth and dry matter and nutrient concentration in plants of A. peregrina was higher in inoculated single plots. The distribution, composition and density of AMF species was related to the rhizosphere effect of plant species. The intercropped model where all the plants were inoculated achieved soil AMF diversity patterns similar to those of the preserved area and showed also higher soil organic matter, nutrient content as well as a reduction in soil macroporosity. This model of intercropping may be considered as an efficient system for reforestation under semiarid conditions.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse