Institutions and Deep Integration

The paper explains why institutions matter for a deep integration process, as illustrated by the liberalization of Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) in Europe. We argue that deep trade liberalization requires supranational institutions of deeper integration that permit enforcement, surveillance, and adjudication. To support the claim, we develop a simple model showing why mutual recognition of norms and testing procedures, coupled with a supranational institution can shape the equilibrium level of NTBs in every member state. Member states host special-interest groups that make political contributions to influence their respective government's choice of NTBs. Politicians maximize a realistic welfare function that favours contributions over consumer's social welfare. The supranational institution drains the incentive to lobby for NTBs. The paper discusses the structure of protection that emerges in the equilibrium, stressing how the lobbies' contributions vary with the effectiveness of the supranational institution in reducing NTBs in the final policy outcome. We then use the model to explain the liberalization of NTBs in the EU.economic integration; endogenous protection; International Economics; Trade; European Union;

Patterns of export diversification in developing countries : intensive and extensive margins

This paper uses highly disaggregated trade data to investigate geographic and product diversification patterns across a group of developing nations for the period from 1990 to 2005. The econometric investigation shows that the gravity equation fits the observed differences in diversification across nations. The analysis shows that exports at the intensive margin account for the most important share of overall trade growth. At the extensive margin, geographic diversification is more important than product diversification, especially for developing countries. Taking part in free trade agreements, thereby reducing trade costs, and trading with countries in the North are also found to have positive impacts on export diversification for developing countries.Economic Theory&Research,Free Trade,Trade Policy,Emerging Markets,Achieving Shared Growth

Patterns of export diversification in developing countries: intensive and extensive margins

This paper uses highly disaggregated trade data to investigate geographic and product diversification patterns across a group of developing nations for the period from 1990 to 2005. The econometric investigation shows that the gravity equation fits the observed differences in diversification across nations. We find that exports at the intensive margin account for the most important share of overall trade growth. At the extensive margin, geographic diversification is more important than product diversification, especially for developing countries. Taking part in FTAs, thereby reducing trade costs, and trading with countries in the North are also found to have positive impacts on export diversification for developing countries.export diversification, intensive margin, extensive margin

Preferential Trade Liberalization and the Range of Exported Products: The Case of the Euro-Mediterranean FTA

The paper investigates how Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) affect the range of goods exported by a nation. We use the Melitz model and highly dis-aggregated data on Euro-Mediterranean trade to measure the effect of preferential trade liberalization on the range of traded products. By focusing on the zeros in the trade matrix, the paper finds evidence that at the time when the Euro-Mediterranean FTA started there was an expansion in the range of products traded by its members.International Economics, Melitz model, Trade policy, development, developing countries, new goods, Euro-Med, Mediterranean, European Union, Euro-Mediterranean FTA, trade matrix, range exported products, FTA, preferential trade liberalization, zeros

Systematic Competitiveness in Colombian Medical Tourism: An Examination

This chapter analyzes the role of the central government of Colombia in the strategy for the improvement of the medical tourism industry through a critical approach of the traditional model of competitiveness. Based on a mixed method, the feasibility of the associative systemic competitiveness model and its effectiveness on the quality of medical services offered to foreign patients is determined. Under the current competitiveness model, the central government implements a series of strategies based on executive orders in an isolated way. The proposal for the implementation of systemic competitiveness model improves the perception of quality of medical services by foreign patients. In order to implement the proposed model, it recommended the expansion of free taxation zones, the proliferation of medical service clusters, and the strengthening of strategic alliances with international operators

Acuacultura

En los últimos años, el cultivo de organismos acuáticos presenta un crecimiento promedio del 10% anual, sobre todo en países en vías de desarrollo, a los que esta actividad aporta importantes contribuciones sociales y económicas, que se traducen en fuentes de alimentación y creación de empleos. Para algunos países, la acuacultura se considera como una actividad de interés nacional. En Norteamérica y Europa, la diversificación de la actividad veterinaria también considera atender la salud de animales acuáticos; en México y otros países este aspecto no es abordado al mismo nivel, por tanto la percepción del médico veterinario zootecnista asociado a la medicina de animales acuáticos es relativamente nueva o escasa. Sin embargo, la formación académica del médico veterinario zootecnista, le confiere ser el profesional mejor capacitado para enfrentar los desafíos de la salud de animales acuáticos; en el aspecto legal, el veterinario es el profesional responsable y facultado por la autoridad para prescribir y usar medicamentos en animales, para conservar el bienestar animal, la inocuidad alimentaria y preservación ambiental. Lo anterior refleja la necesidad y la oportunidad de participar en la asesoría de aspectos productivos, sanitarios, diseño y manejo de instalaciones, y en las posibilidades del producto a ofrecer, considerando una estrategia comercial y entendimiento de estándares de calidad alimentaria. El auge de la actividad acuícola también se acompaña con incremento de clientes potenciales, en donde el veterinario puede participar en la clínica privada, en la investigación y docencia o en el sector oficial colaborando en inspección de productos de pesca y acuicultura, así como en la regulación con referencia a normas nacionales e internacionales. Esta unidad de aprendizaje tiene el objetivo de que el estudiante conozca e intérprete los principales factores que afectan al medio acuático que a su vez repercuten en la salud y la producción de las especies; las características anatomo-fisiológicas de los principales especies cultivadas en el país; las actividades y manejos más importantes relacionados con la producción acuícola; las principales enfermedades que los afectan, su importancia en el contexto nacional e internacional, así como los aspectos relacionados con las buenas prácticas de producción acuícola, las medidas de prevención y control

Feasibility of Using Bandwidth Efficient Modulation to Upgrade the CMS Tracker Readout Optical Links

Plans to upgrade the LHC after approximately 10 years of operation are currently being considered at CERN. A tenfold increase in luminosity delivered to the experiments is envisaged in the so-called Super LHC (SLHC). This will undoubtedly give rise to significantly larger data volumes from the detectors, requiring faster data readout. The possibility of upgrading the CMS Tracker analog readout optical links using a bandwidth efficient digital modulation scheme for deployment in the SLHC has been extensively explored at CERN. Previous theoretical and experimental studies determined the achievable data rate using a system based on Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) to be ~3-4Gbit/s (assuming no error correction is used and for an error rate of ~10-9). In this note we attempt to quantify the feasibility of such an upgrade in terms of hardware implementation complexity, applicability to the high energy physics (HEP) environment, technological feasibility and R&D effort required.Comment: CERN CMS Note. 16 pages, 10 figure

O Cancioneiro dos periódicos da Fundação Biblioteca Nacional (1842-1922)

UIDB/00693/2020 UIDP/00693/2020É bastante sabido que a Fundação Biblioteca Nacional guarda um riquíssimo acervo de periódicos brasileiros. Menos conhecido é o fato destes jornais e revistas terem publicado muita música, especialmente durante o longo século XIX. Como está impressa no interior dos volumes, boa parte das partituras é de difícil localização. Com a intenção de aumentar a visibilidade desse valioso repertório, reunimos aqui a edição musical de sessenta canções, publicadas entre 1842 e 1922, tomando o cuidado de ressaltar sua qualidade e variedade. Para tornar as partituras mais acessíveis internacionalmente, elas trazem uma transcrição fonética e uma tradução inglesa dos poemas.publishersversionpublishe

O Cancioneiro dos periódicos da Fundação Biblioteca Nacional (1842-1922)

UIDB/00693/2020 UIDP/00693/2020É bastante sabido que a Fundação Biblioteca Nacional guarda um riquíssimo acervo de periódicos brasileiros. Menos conhecido é o fato destes jornais e revistas terem publicado muita música, especialmente durante o longo século XIX. Como está impressa no interior dos volumes, boa parte das partituras é de difícil localização. Com a intenção de aumentar a visibilidade desse valioso repertório, reunimos aqui a edição musical de sessenta canções, publicadas entre 1842 e 1922, tomando o cuidado de ressaltar sua qualidade e variedade. Para tornar as partituras mais acessíveis internacionalmente, elas trazem uma transcrição fonética e uma tradução inglesa dos poemas.publishersversionpublishe