Understanding the relaxation spectra of neat and mixed ionic liquids

Due to their unique properties, ionic liquids are promising candidates for various applications. The possibility to combine cations and anions almost arbitrarily leads to a virtually infinite number of different ionic liquids. The hope is that one could tailor an ionic liquid for a specific need in this way. However, to achieve a particular property, it would be essential to understand the ionic liquids on a microscopy level and not rely on trial and error. One crucial point is the dynamics of the ions, for example, concerning reaction media or electrolytes. However, the ion dynamics are quite complex due to the balanced interplay between Coulomb, hydrogen-bonding, and van der Waals interactions. Furthermore, in cases where cations are equipped with long, non-polar chains, it was found that nanosized aggregates form in neat ionic liquids. In this way, rotational and translational motions of cations and anions together with motions of aggregates possibly show up in the spectra of dynamical measurements. This has led to dynamic processes in the spectra being interpreted differently in the literature with respect to their microscopic origin. Therefore, this work aims to combine dielectric spectroscopy and depolarized light scattering to disentangle the rotational and translational contributions found in the relaxation spectra of ionic liquids. This is done for various neat ionic liquids, where the cations are equipped with non-polar chains of different lengths, thus varying the size ratio between cations and anions. Measurements are performed from far above room temperature down to the glass transition. In the case of dielectric spectroscopy, also pressures up to 550 MPa are applied. In this way, it could be shown that the dynamics of cations and anions separate in the case of a large size difference between the two ion species. Rotational motions of the cations are revealed to be the origin of a slow dielectric relaxation process, which was formerly often ascribed to motions of aggregates. It could be shown that such aggregates show up only in rare cases in the light scattering spectra at low frequencies, not accessible by dielectric spectroscopy. Furthermore, mixtures of an ionic liquid with water or 1-propanol are considered. The rotational contribution of the admixtures is discriminated from the ion dynamics and from signatures of hydrogen-bonding mediated orientational cross-correlations. Additionally, an ionic gel is prepared by mixing an ionic liquid with water and gelatin, and it is shown that the rotational and translational dynamics of the ions are hardly affected by the presence of the gelatin, although macroscopically, mechanical rigidity is introduced. More fundamental questions regarding the intensity of the scattered light and the shape of the rotational spectra, which have arisen during this work, are also addressed based on non-ionic systems

The Influence of Molecular Architecture on the Dynamics of H-Bonded Supramolecular Structures in Phenyl-Propanols

The relaxation behaviour of monohydroxy alcohols (monoalcohols) in broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) is usually dominated by the Debye process. This process is regarded as a signature of the dynamics of transient supramolecular structures formed by H-bonding. In phenyl propanols the steric hindrance of the phenyl ring is assumed to influence chain formation and thereby to decrease or even suppress the intensity of the Debye process. In the present paper we study this effect in a systematic series of structural isomers of phenyl-1-propanol in comparison with 1-propanol. It turns out that by combining BDS, Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) and calorimetry the dynamics of supramolecular structures can be uncovered. While light scattering spectra show the same spectral shape of the main relaxation for all investigated monoalcohols, the dielectric spectra differ in the Debye contribution. Thus it becomes possible for the first time to unambiguously disentangle both relaxation modes in the dielectric spectra. It turns out that the Debye relaxation gets weaker the closer the position of phenyl ring is to the hydroxy group, in accordance with the analysis of the Kirkwood-Fr\"ohlich correlation factor. Even in 1-phenyl-1-propanol, which has the phenyl group attached at the closest position to the hydroxy group, we can separate a Debye-contribution in the dielectric spectrum. From this we conclude that hydrogen bonds are not generally suppressed by the increased steric hindrance of the phenyl ring, but rather an equilibrium of ring and chain-like structures is shifted towards ring-like shapes on shifting the phenyl ring closer to the hydroxy group. Moreover, the shape of the alpha-relaxation as monitored by PCS and BDS remains unaffected by the degree of hydrogen bonding and is the same among the investigated alcohols.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure

On the Nature of the Debye-Process in Monohydroxy Alcohols: 5-Methyl-2-Hexanol Investigated by Depolarized Light Scattering and Dielectric Spectroscopy

The slow Debye-like relaxation in the dielectric spectra of monohydroxy alcohols is a matter of long standing debate. In the present work, we probe reorientational dynamics of 5-methyl-2-hexanol with dielectric spectroscopy and depolarized light scattering (DDLS) in the supercooled regime. While in a previous study of a primary alcohol no indication of the Debye peak in the DDLS spectra was found, we now for the first time report clear evidence of a Debye contribution in a monoalcohol in DDLS. A quantitative comparison between the dielectric and DDLS manifestation of the Debye peak reveals that while the dielectric Debye process represents fluctuations in the end-to-end vector dipole moment of the transient chains, its occurrence in DDLS shows a more local signature and is related to residual correlations which occur due to a slight anisotropy of the $\alpha$-relaxation caused by the chain formation.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures; accepted in Phys. Rev. Let

Dipole-dipole correlations and the Debye process in the dielectric response of non-associating glass forming liquids

The non-exponential shape of the $\alpha$-process observed in supercooled liquids is considered as one of the hallmarks of glassy dynamics and has thus been under study for decades, but is still poorly understood. For a polar van der Waals liquid, we show here - in line with a recent theory - that dipole-dipole correlations give rise to an additional process in the dielectric spectrum slightly slower than the $\alpha$-relaxation, which renders the resulting combined peak narrower than observed by other experimental techniques. This is reminiscent of the Debye process found in monohydroxy alcohols. The additional peak can be suppressed by weakening the dipole-dipole interaction via dilution with a nonpolar solvent

Local dielectric response in 1-propanol: α\alpha-relaxation versus relaxation of mesoscale structures

The dielectric Debye relaxation in monohydroxy alcohols has been subject of long-standing scientific interest and is presently believed to arise from the relaxation of transiently H-bonded supramolecular structures. Therefore, its manifestation might be expected to differ from a local dielectric probe as compared to the standard macroscopic dielectric experiment. In this work we present such local dielectric measurements obtained by triplet state solvation dynamics (TSD) and compare the results with macroscopic dielectric and light scattering data. In particular, with data from an improved TSD setup, a detailed quantitative comparison reveals that the Debye process does not significantly contribute to the local Stokes shift response function, while $\alpha$- and $\beta$-relaxations are clearly resolved. Furthermore, this comparison reveals that the structural relaxation has almost identical time constants and shape parameters in all three measurement techniques. Altogether our findings support the notion that the transiently bound chain structures lead to a strong cross-correlation contribution in macroscopic dielectric experiments, to which both light scattering and TSD are insensitive, the latter due to its local character and the former due to the molecular optical anisotropy being largely independent of the OH bonded suprastructures.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figure

Revealing complex relaxation behavior of monohydroxy alcohols in a series of octanol isomers

We investigate the reorientation dynamics of four octanol isomers with very different characteristics regarding the formation of hydrogen-bonded structures by means of photon-correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. PCS is largely insensitive to orientational cross-correlations and straightforwardly probes the α-process dynamics, thus allowing us to disentangle the complex dielectric relaxation spectra. The analysis reveals an additional dielectric relaxation contribution on time scales between the structural α-process and the Debye process. In line with nuclear magnetic resonance results from the literature and recent findings from rheology experiments, we attribute this intermediate contribution to the dielectric signature of the O–H bond reorientation. Due to being incorporated into hydrogen-bonded suprastructures, the O–H bond dynamically decouples from the rest of the molecule. The relative relaxation strength of the resulting intermediate contribution depends on the respective position of the hydroxy group within the molecule and seems to vanish at sufficiently high temperatures, i.e., exactly when the overall tendency to form hydrogen bonded structures decreases. Furthermore, the fact that different octanol isomers share the same dipole density allows us to perform an in-depth analysis of how dipolar cross-correlations appear in dielectric loss spectra. We find that dipolar cross-correlations are not solely manifested by the presence of the slow Debye process but also scale the relaxation strength of the self-correlation contribution depending on the Kirkwood factor

Temperature dependence of the static permittivity andintegral formula for the Kirkwood correlation factor ofsimple polar fluids

An exact integral formula for the Kirkwood correlation factor of isotropic polar fluids $g_K$ is derived from the equilibrium averaged rotational Dean equation, which as compared to previous approaches easily lends itself to further approximations. The static linear permittivity of polar fluids $\epsilon$ is calculated as a function of temperature, density and molecular dipole moment in vacuo for arbitrary pair interaction potentials. Then, using the Kirkwood superposition approximation for the three-body orientational distribution function, we suggest a simple way to construct model potentials of mean torques considering permanent and induced dipole moments. We successfully compare the theory with the experimental temperature dependence of the static linear permittivity of various polar fluids such as a series of linear monohydroxy alcohols, water, tributyl phosphate, acetonitrile, acetone, nitrobenzene and dimethyl sulfoxide, by fitting only one single parameter, which describes the induction to dipole-dipole energy strength ratio. We demonstrate that comparing the value of $g_K$ with unity in order to deduce the alignment state of permanent dipole pairs, as is currently done is in many situations, is a misleading oversimplification, while the correct alignment state is revealed when considering the proper interaction potential. Moreover we show, that picturing H-bonding polar fluids as polar molecules with permanent and induced dipole moments without invoking any specific H-bonding mechanism is in many cases sufficient to explain experimental data of the static dielectric constant. In this light, the failure of the theory to describe the experimental temperature dependence of the static dielectric constant of glycerol, a non-rigid polyalcohol, is not due to the lack of specific H-bonding mechanisms, but rather to an oversimplified model potential for that particular molecule

Reduced Precision Strategies for Deep Learning: A High Energy Physics Generative Adversarial Network Use Case

Deep learning is finding its way into high energy physics by replacing traditional Monte Carlo simulations. However, deep learning still requires an excessive amount of computational resources. A promising approach to make deep learning more efficient is to quantize the parameters of the neural networks to reduced precision. Reduced precision computing is extensively used in modern deep learning and results to lower execution inference time, smaller memory footprint and less memory bandwidth. In this paper we analyse the effects of low precision inference on a complex deep generative adversarial network model. The use case which we are addressing is calorimeter detector simulations of subatomic particle interactions in accelerator based high energy physics. We employ the novel Intel low precision optimization tool (iLoT) for quantization and compare the results to the quantized model from TensorFlow Lite. In the performance benchmark we gain a speed-up of 1.73x on Intel hardware for the quantized iLoT model compared to the initial, not quantized, model. With different physics-inspired self-developed metrics, we validate that the quantized iLoT model shows a lower loss of physical accuracy in comparison to the TensorFlow Lite model.Comment: Submitted at ICPRAM 2021; from CERN openlab - Intel collaboratio

Universal Structural Relaxation in Supercooled Liquids

One of the hallmarks of molecular dynamics in deeply supercooled liquids is the non-exponential character of the relaxation functions. It has been a long standing issue if 'universal' features govern the lineshape of glassy dynamics independent of any particular molecular structure or interaction. In the paper, we elucidate this matter by giving a comprehensive comparison of the spectral shape of depolarized light scattering and dielectric data of deeply supercooled liquids. The light scattering spectra of very different systems, e.g. hydrogen bonding and van der Waals liquids but also ionic systems, almost perfectly superimpose and show a generic lineshape of the structural relaxation, approximately following a high frequency power law $\omega^{-1/2}$ . However, the dielectric loss peak shows a more individual shape. In systems with low dipole moment generic behavior is also observed in the dielectric spectra, while in strongly dipolar liquids additional crosscorrelation contributions mask the generic structural relaxation

Biocatalytic Aromaticity-Breaking Epoxidation of Naphthalene

Aromatic hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by heme-thiolate enzymes proceed via an epoxide intermediate. These aromatic epoxides could be valuable building blocks for organic synthesis giving access to a range of chiral transdisubstituted cyclohexadiene synthons. Here we show that naphthalene epoxides generated by fungal peroxygenases can be subjected to nucleophilic ring opening yielding non-racemic trans-disubstituted cyclohexadiene derivates, which in turn can be used for further chemical transformations. Following the ring-opening reactions, the synthetic possibility of cyclohexadiene derivates also demonstrated by four examples yielding functional compounds. This novel approach may represent a promising shortcut for the synthesis of natural products and APIs