22 research outputs found

    Desigualdades sociais e uso de serviços de saúde: evidências de análise estratificada

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    OBJECTIVE: The study aims to identify children who are not benefited by local health programs, looking for to characterize the excluded segment of the population in order to broaden the access to and use of the main actions provided by local health programs. METHODS: A sample of 465 children aged less than 1 year was studied, living in the year of 1996 in Embu, a city of the metropolitan area of S. Paulo, Brazil. Our hypothesis was that there is a higher availability of private health care resources among families who haven't been using the local health program. The statistical analysis consisted of stratified association analysis to study the heterogeneity between and intra four strata of families defined by different socialeconomic conditions. RESULTS: Although only 85.4% of the study children were enrolled in local health services, 91.2% of them were being benefited by main health care actions. The analysis of differences intra strata revealed that our hypothesis was only corroborated in one stratum. It is in the stratum 3, which concentrates the peripheral population, where we could find children who have not been using the local health program in Embu city. CONCLUSIONS: In the same social segment it was detected some inner heterogeneity among families related to the availability of private resources for their children health care.OBJETIVO: Identificar os grupos populacionais não alcançados pelo programa local de saúde materno-infantil, buscando caracterizar os possíveis pontos de exclusão, com vistas ao estudo de intervenções capazes de ampliar o acesso e a utilização das principais ações de saúde oferecidas pelo programa. MÉTODOS: Estudou-se uma amostra de 465 menores de um ano residentes no Município de Embu, SP (Brasil). A análise estatística, orientada pela hipótese que esperava maior disponibilidade de planos de saúde entre as famílias que não usavam o programa local de saúde infantil, consistiu em análises de associação estratificadas que buscaram detectar heterogeneidade entre os quatro estratos de famílias e no interior deles, definidos segundo diferentes padrões de condições de vida. RESULTADOS: Apesar de apenas 85,4% das crianças estudadas serem matriculadas nas unidades básicas de saúde, 91,2 % eram assistidas pelas principais ações de saúde. No estrato 3, onde reside a população periférica, estão concentradas as crianças não alcançadas pelo programa. O estudo de diferenças dentro dos estratos revelou que também no estrato 3 encontra-se a possibilidade de que algumas famílias estejam usando convênios ou planos de saúde como alternativa ao programa local de saúde. Os resultados apontam ainda que a população com piores condições de vida (favelas) dispõe do sistema público do município como única alternativa para cuidar de sua saúde. CONCLUSÕES: É na população residente na periferia do município que se concentram as crianças não assistidas pelo programa local de saúde infantil e existe maior heterogeneidade entre as famílias quanto à disponibilidade de outros recursos para os cuidados de saúde de suas crianças

    Knowledge and practices regarding child development among primary healthcare professionals

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    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge and practices regarding child development among physicians working in primary healthcare units. METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out at primary healthcare units in Embu, São Paulo, Brazil. Study procedures: 1) Evaluation of knowledge: test consisting of 20 multiple-choice questions on child development applied to all 31 physicians who were providing pediatric care at the primary healthcare units; 2) Evaluation of practices: semi-structured interview applied to a sample of 154 mothers/caregivers of children aged up to 36 months during follow-up visits at primary healthcare units in the municipality. For the comparisons of categorical variables (evaluation/advices about development in visits of children at different ages), the chi-square test was employed. RESULTS: The mean number of correct responses among physicians was 14.8. The error rate for seven questions was greater than 30% (sensory development, language acquisition, physiology of the nervous system, clinical and laboratory diagnosis of congenital infections and innate errors of metabolism) and the rate of correct responses was greater than 85% for four questions (motor and personal-social development markers, risk factors and genetic syndromes). Regarding practices, in 69 (45%) visits, the doctor asked the mother/caregiver's opinion about the child's development; in 80 (52%), the mother/caregiver said that the doctor assessed the development; and in 64 (42%), the mother/caregiver said that the doctor advised them on practices for child's stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: Faulty knowledge and practices regarding child development were identified among primary care professionals, indicating the need for continued education.OBJETIVO: Avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas sobre desenvolvimento infantil de médicos que atuam em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS). MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado nas UBS de Embu (SP). Procedimentos do estudo: 1) avaliação do conhecimento por teste contendo 20 questões de múltipla escolha sobre desenvolvimento da criança aplicado a 31 médicos (universo) que prestam assistência pediátrica em UBS; 2) avaliação das práticas - entrevista semiestruturada aplicada para uma amostra de 154 mães/cuidadores que acompanhavam crianças com idade menor ou igual a 36 meses em consulta médica agendada em UBS do município. Para comparação de variáveis categóricas (avaliação/orientações sobre desenvolvimento em consultas de crianças de diferentes faixas etárias), utizou-se o qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: A média de acertos dos médicos foi de 14,8 questões; sete questões apresentaram índices de erros superiores a 30% (desenvolvimento sensorial, aquisição de linguagem, fisiologia do sistema nervoso, diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial de infecções congênitas, erros inatos do metabolismo) e quatro questões apresentaram acertos acima de 85% (marcos do desenvolvimento motor, pessoal-social, fatores de risco e síndrome genética). Quanto às práticas, em 69 (45%) consultas o médico perguntou a opinião da mãe/cuidador sobre o desenvolvimento da criança, em 80 (52%) a mãe/cuidador referiu que o médico fez alguma pergunta e/ou avaliou o desenvolvimento e em 64 (42%) orientou sobre como estimular a criança. CONCLUSÕES: Identificaram-se falhas de conhecimento e nas práticas dos profissionais referentes ao desenvolvimento da criança, o que indica a necessidade de implementar educação permanente.UNIFESP Curso de MedicinaUNIFESP Projeto DesenvolverSecretaria Municipal de Saúde do EmbuUNIFESP Departamento de Pediatria Disciplina de Pediatria Geral e ComunitáriaUNIFESP, Curso de MedicinaUNIFESP, Projeto DesenvolverUNIFESP, Depto. de Pediatria Disciplina de Pediatria Geral e ComunitáriaSciEL

    Condições de vida e vocabulário receptivo em crianças de dois a cinco anos

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    OBJECTIVE: To assess the receptive vocabulary of children aged between two years and six months and five years and eleven months who were attending childcare centers and kindergarten schools. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in the municipality of Embu, Southeastern Brazil. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and analysis of factors associated with children's performance were applied. The sample consisted of 201 children of both genders, aged between two and six years. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate analysis and logistic regression model. The dependent variable analyzed was test performance and the independent variables were child's age, mother's level of education and family socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: It was observed that 44.3% of the children had performances in the test that were below what would be expected for their age. The factors associated with the best performances in the test were child's age (OR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.6-3.5) and mother's education level (OR= 3.2; 95% CI: 1.3-7.4). CONCLUSIONS: Mother's education level is important for child's language development. Settings such as childcare and kindergarten schools are protective factors for child development in families of low income and education.OBJETIVO: Avaliar o vocabulário receptivo de crianças de dois anos e seis meses a cinco anos e 11 meses que freqüentam creches e pré-escolas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e analítico realizado no município de Embu, Estado de São Paulo. Utilizou-se o Teste de Vocabulário por Imagem Peabody e análise de fatores associados ao desempenho. A amostra foi constituída de 201 crianças de ambos os sexos, com idade entre dois e seis anos. Foram realizados análise multivariada e modelo de regressão logística. A variável dependente analisada foi o desempenho no teste e as variáveis independentes foram a idade da criança, tempo de escolaridade e série, e características sociodemográficas de suas famílias. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que 44,3% das crianças apresentaram desempenho inferior ao esperado para a idade no teste e os fatores associados ao melhor desempenho foram a idade da criança (OR=2,4; IC 95%: 1,6-3,5) e a escolaridade materna (OR=3,2; IC 95%: 1,3-7,4). CONCLUSÕES: A escolaridade maternal é importante no desenvolvimento de linguagem da criança. As instituições como creches e pré- escolas são fatores de proteção do desenvolvimento infantil em famílias de baixa renda e com baixa escolaridade.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de FonoaudiologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de PediatriaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de FonoaudiologiaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de PediatriaSciEL

    Dores recorrentes na infância e adolescência Recurrent pain in children and adolescents

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    OBJETIVO: realizar revisão bibliográfica sobre dores recorrentes na infância e na adolescência, com enfoque no diagnóstico diferencial e manejo desses pacientes. FONTES DE DADOS: levantamento bibliográfico no Medline e Lilacs, abrangendo os últimos quatro e dez anos, respectivamente, além de estudos e textos clássicos que tratam sobre o tema. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: estudos realizados em diferentes partes do mundo demonstram que as dores recorrentes mais freqüentes na infância e adolescência são dor abdominal, cefaléia e dor em membros. A ocorrência de causa orgânica é baixa, observada em 5% a 10% dos casos. Dentre as causas orgânicas bem definidas de dor abdominal recorrente, cefaléia e dor em membros, não se observa nenhuma etiologia predominante. Foram analisados os principais avanços quanto à fisiopatologia das dores recorrentes, nas suas diferentes localizações, apresentando-se uma orientação para abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica das afecções mais freqüentes em pediatria. CONCLUSÕES: as dores recorrentes na infância e adolescência são muito freqüentes e determinam significativa demanda aos serviços de saúde. A anamnese, o exame físico e o seguimento do paciente constituem a base para abordagem dessas crianças e adolescentes.<br>OBJECTIVE: to perform a bibliographic review of recurrent pain in children and adolescents, focusing on differential diagnosis and management of such patients. SOURCES OF DATA: search of Medline and Lilacs databases, covering the last four and ten years, respectively. Classical studies and texts related to the matter were also included. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: studies carried out in different parts of the world demonstrate that the most frequent kinds of recurrent pain in children and adolescents are abdominal pain, headache, and limb pain. The occurrence of organic etiology is low, observed in 5% to 10% of the cases. Among the well defined organic etiology, no predominance is observed. The main advances regarding the pathophysiology of recurrent pain in its main localizations were analyzed. Guidelines for the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of the most common infantile diseases related to recurrent pain are presented. CONCLUSIONS: recurrent pain in children and adolescents is very common and determines significant demand on healthcare services. Defined etiology is only presented by 5% to 10% of patients. Anamnesis, physical examination and follow-up are extremely important instruments for dealing with such patients

    Immunogenicity of a combined DTPa-HB vaccine co-administered with Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine (PRP-T) for primary and booster vaccinations

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    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immunogenicity of a combined DTPa-HB vaccine co-administered with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (PRP-T) in Brazilian infants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective and open clinical study, in which 110 infants were immunized with a three-dose primary vaccination regime at two, four and six months of age and with a single booster vaccination. Blood samples were drawn immediately before the first dose, one month after the third dose, at the time of the booster dose and one month after the booster to assess seropositivity and antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) of antibodies for diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b and for the three pertussis antigens: Pertussis Toxin (PT), Filamentous Hemagglutinin (FHA) and Pertactin (PRN). RESULTS: Among the original 110 infants, 93 completed the study. Seropositivity was 100% for all seven involved antibodies, after the primary vaccination course. At the time of the booster dose, all antibodies (except diphtheria 33.7% and anti-PT 59%) were seropositive for more than 94% of subjects. After the booster, seropositivity increased to 100% for all antibodies. The GMT of these antibodies followed a similar pattern, with a strong increase after the primary course, followed by a second increase after the booster dose. At this time, GMT was2- to 7-fold higher than after the primary course, for all vaccine components. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant administration of DTPa-HB and Hib vaccines elicited strong seroprotection for all the antigenic components. No interference with antibody response was evident. The vaccines provided high immunogenicity, following both the primary vaccinations and the booster dose

    School and language performance in children born with low birth weight

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    Objectives: To identify the impact of birth weight on the development of metalinguistic skills and performance in reading, writing, and arithmetic in students aged 6 to 10 years, enrolled from the 1st to the 4th grade of Elementary School in public schools of the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Methods: The concurrent cohort included 315 students. Birth weight was the exposure variable, and the outcomes were performance in receptive and expressive language, oral metalinguistic skills, and performance in writing, arithmetic, and reading. The tools employed were the Test of Language Competence (TLC) and the School Performance Test (SPT). Students were grouped into quartiles by birth weight for data analysis (P1: 3150 g). Results: The authors observed a tendency for the lower performance of the two groups with lower birth weights in listening comprehension and oral expression. The lower-weight group tended to perform poorly compared to the other groups vis-à-vis reading. In the global result of the SPT, worse performance was observed in the students in the first quartile compared to the others (p = 0.019). The multivariate analysis revealed no association between birth weight and results in the tests applied after adjusting for maternal schooling. Conclusions: Birth weight can interfere with oral and written language development. However, the determination of these processes occurs in the face of complex interaction that includes sociodemographic factors, especially family support and maternal schooling
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