A core outcome set for pre‐eclampsia research: an international consensus development study

Objective To develop a core outcome set for pre‐eclampsia. Design Consensus development study. Setting International. Population Two hundred and eight‐one healthcare professionals, 41 researchers and 110 patients, representing 56 countries, participated. Methods Modified Delphi method and Modified Nominal Group Technique. Results A long‐list of 116 potential core outcomes was developed by combining the outcomes reported in 79 pre‐eclampsia trials with those derived from thematic analysis of 30 in‐depth interviews of women with lived experience of pre‐eclampsia. Forty‐seven consensus outcomes were identified from the Delphi process following which 14 maternal and eight offspring core outcomes were agreed at the consensus development meeting. Maternal core outcomes: death, eclampsia, stroke, cortical blindness, retinal detachment, pulmonary oedema, acute kidney injury, liver haematoma or rupture, abruption, postpartum haemorrhage, raised liver enzymes, low platelets, admission to intensive care required, and intubation and ventilation. Offspring core outcomes: stillbirth, gestational age at delivery, birthweight, small‐for‐gestational‐age, neonatal mortality, seizures, admission to neonatal unit required and respiratory support. Conclusions The core outcome set for pre‐eclampsia should underpin future randomised trials and systematic reviews. Such implementation should ensure that future research holds the necessary reach and relevance to inform clinical practice, enhance women's care and improve the outcomes of pregnant women and their babies

Seed disinfestation methods for in vitro cultivation of epiphyte orchids from Southern Brazil Métodos de desinfestação de sementes para o cultivo in vitro de orquídeas epífitas do Sul do Brasil

Disinfestation of orchid seeds is necessary when the germination is performed in vitro. In such case, cultures are supplemented by a source of sugar and salts in order to obtain energy and other requirements. However, the presence of sugar and salts easily allows the development of unwanted microorganisms. To avoid such phenomenon, an efficient procedure must be done as a pretreatment of the seeds with liquid or gaseous substances. In this study with several Brazilian orchids, the seeds were disinfested with sodium hypochlorite solutions containing 0.4% or 0.8% active chlorine for five minutes and sodium hypochlorite or formaldehyde fumes up to two hours, this procedure being efficient for such purpose and making it possible to be used routinely.<br>A desinfestação de sementes de orquídeas é necessária quando a germinação é efetuada in vitro. Neste caso, as culturas são suplementadas por uma fonte de açúcar e de sais, para prover energia e outras necessidades. A presença de açúcares e sais facilmente permite o desenvolvimento de microorganismos indesejáveis. Para evitar estes microorganismos, um procedimento eficiente deve ser usado como pré-tratamento das sementes com substâncias liquidas ou gasosas. Neste ensaio com várias espécies de orquídeas brasileiras, as sementes foram desinfestadas com solução de hipoclorito de sódio 0,4% ou 0,8% de cloro nascente por cinco minutos ou, por vapores de formol ou hipoclorito de sódio por até duas horas, sendo eficientes estes procedimentos para desinfestação e possível seu uso rotineiramente