ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH FIRST-LINE ANTI TUBERCULAR DRUGS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF CENTRAL INDIA: A STUDY OF CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, CAUSALITY, AND SEVERITY

  Objective: The objective was to study the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with first-line anti-tubercular drugs for clinical presentations, causality, and severity.Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken in a 750 bedded tertiary care teaching hospital of central India for the duration of 1 year (May 2013‑May 2014). Patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and under treatment with the first-line anti-tubercular drugs were study subjects. Causality, preventability, and severity were analyzed and other parameters such as male to female ratio, most affected system, most common class of drug, and common types of ADRs, were studied.Results: Nearly 118 patients were started on anti-tubercular treatment of first-line drugs in the study duration. Out of these 45 patients suffered one or more ADRs with a total number of reported ADRs being 91. 57.77% were males. Maximum patients belonged to the age group of 31-40 years (26.66%). The most commonly involved system was hepatic and biliary system (53.33%) followed by gastrointestinal system (51.11%), the most common ADR observed was disturbed liver transaminases (33.33%) followed by nausea and vomiting (28.88%). Causality assessment by Naranjo's scale showed 58.2% ADRs scoring probable, 31.86% were of possible score, whereas 9.8% definite score category. Severity assessment shows 68.88% cases of mild grading, 31.11% of moderate and no case of severe grading was reported in the study duration.Conclusions: Vigilance regarding these ADRs occurrences can result in early diagnosis and thus, proper management can be instituted earliest. This will build confidence of patients and will decrease the dropouts which in turn can result in decrease chances of developing drug-resistant strains.Keywords: Adverse drug reactions, Multidrug resistant tuberculosis, Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, Causality, Naranjo's algorith

Effect of Austenitization Temperature on Wear Behavior of Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI)

Chromium bearing Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) has been recently in the news for its improved wear performance over the ADI. The work presented below was taken up to study the effect of different austenitisation temperatures on the microstructure and wear performance of the Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI). In this investigation Cr bearing ductile iron was subjected to austempering treatment to obtain an ausferritic microstructure. Two different austenitisation temperatures were selected whereas, the austempering temperature and time was kept unchanged. Microstructure and wear performance of this alloy, austenitized at two different temperatures was studied

Effect of Austenitization Temperature on Wear Behavior of Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI)

Chromium bearing Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) has been recently in the news for its improved wear performance over the ADI. The work presented below was taken up to study the effect of different austenitisation temperatures on the microstructure and wear performance of the Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI). In this investigation Cr bearing ductile iron was subjected to austempering treatment to obtain an ausferritic microstructure. Two different austenitisation temperatures were selected whereas, the austempering temperature and time was kept unchanged. Microstructure and wear performance of this alloy, austenitized at two different temperatures was studied

Microwave spin resonance investigation on the effect of the post-processing annealing of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles

A novel investigation on the finite-size effects on the spin resonance properties of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles has been performed using a room temperature ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique. A single broad spectrum was obtained for the CoFe2O4 nanoparticle samples, which indicated that all the samples were showing ferromagnetic characteristics. An asymmetric FMR line shape with a hefty trailing section was obtained due to the high magneto-crystalline anisotropy in CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, which changed with the size distribution. The resonance field for the samples shifted to a higher value due to the increase in the magneto-crystalline anisotropy in the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles with an increase in size. A systematic change in the resonance field and line width was observed with the change in the size distribution of the particles. Initially, it decreased with an increase in the size of the particles and increased after the critical size range. The critical size range is the imprint of the shift of the magnetic domain from a single domain to multi domain. The line width increased at higher annealing temperatures due to the enhancement in the dipole-dipole interaction, which led to a higher spin concentration as well as magneto-crystalline anisotropy. Furthermore, the saturation magnetization (M-s) as well as 'M-r/M-s' increased from 37.7 to 71.4 emu g(-1) and 0.06 to 0.31, respectively. The highest coercivity (750.9 Oe) and anisotropy constant (4.62 x 10(4) erg cm(-3)) were found for the sample annealed at 700 degrees C, which can be corroborated by the literature as the critical annealing temperature at which CoFe2O4 nanoparticles shift from single domain nanoparticles to multi-domain nanoparticles. Post-processing annealing is critical in advanced processing techniques and spin dynamics plays a vital role in various interdisciplinary areas of applications

Impact of health education on knowledge and attitude of self-breast examination among female nursing students

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and a leading cause of death worldwide, including in India. Breast cancer usually shows a slow development rate, and when it is recognized in the early stages, successful treatment results can be achieved. Breast self-examination is a screening option for young women. Health awareness programs on screening and early detection are the cornerstones for reducing the morbidity and mortality resulting from breast cancer. Objective: To assess the impact of health education on knowledge and attitude of self-breast examination among nursing students. Study Design: The present interventional study was conducted between September and October 2019. Setting: This study was done among 79 nursing students of a tertiary care hospital situated in a central district of Uttar Pradesh. Main Outcome Measures: The self-reported pre-designed and structured questionnaire was used. It included three sections: 1. Sociodemographic profile 2. Knowledge regarding self-breast examination (SBE) 3. Attitude regarding self-breast examination (SBE). Knowledge and attitude scores were calculated and divided into the poor, average, and good categories. Results: There were 87.3% of girls had prior knowledge of the self-breast examination, while 12.7% of girls were not aware of the self-breast examination. Post-intervention, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in their knowledge about self-breast examination. Conclusion and Relevance: Planned teaching intervention had a significant impact on the knowledge and attitude of self-breast examination. The knowledge and attitude were poor at the early stages, but it had increased significantly after the health education intervention

High contrast imaging with ELT/METIS: The wind driven halo, from SPHERE to METIS

International audienceMETIS is one of the three first-light instruments planned for the ELT, mainly dedicated to high contrast imaging in the mid-infrared. On the SPHERE high-contrast instrument currently installed at the VLT, we observe that one of the main contrast limitations is the wind driven halo, due to the limited AO running speed with respect to the atmospheric turbulence temporal evolution. From this observation, we extrapolate this signature to the ELT/METIS instrument, which is equipped with a single conjugated adaptive optics system and with several coronagraphic devices. By making use of an analytic AO simulator, we compare the amount of wind driven halo observed with SPHERE and with METIS, under the same turbulence conditions

Unprecedented generation of 3D heterostructures by mechanochemical disassembly and re-ordering of incommensurate metal chalcogenides

Three-dimensional heterostructures are usually created either by assembling two-dimensional building blocks into hierarchical architectures or using stepwise chemical processes that sequentially deposit individual monolayers. Both approaches suffer from a number of issues, including lack of suitable precursors, limited reproducibility, and poor scalability of the preparation protocols. Therefore, development of alternative methods that enable preparation of heterostructured materials is desired. We create heterostructures with incommensurate arrangements of well-defined building blocks using a synthetic approach that comprises mechanical disassembly and simultaneous reordering of layered transition-metal dichalcogenides, MX2, and non-layered monochalcogenides, REX, where M = Ta, Nb, RE = Sm, La, and X = S, Se. We show that the discovered solid-state processes are rooted in stochastic mechanochemical transformations directed by electronic interaction between chemically and structurally dissimilar solids toward atomic-scale ordering, and offer an alternative to conventional heterostructuring. Details of composition–structure–properties relationships in the studied materials are also highlighted