Combined bidding at power and ancillary service markets

Power and ancillary service markets are strongly coupled. However, at the moment auctions are organized in such a manner that the coupling is not taken into account. Every market participant submits bids at power and/or AS markets without possibility to adjust with respect to the outcome of the other market. Inexact approximations of the actual market price induce deviations from the optimal social welfare value. In this paper, we firstly describe and analyze the consequences of power and ancillary service market coupling. Secondly, we present two different market design strategies, both of which are based on the idea of iterative auction and have the goal to optimally account for power and AS coupling, enabling the overall system to maximize its social welfare. An illustrative example is used to present potential benefits and downsides that might arise as a result of introducing proposed market arrangements

An overview of non-centralized Kalman filters

The usage of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for state-estimation has recently gained increasing attention due to its cost effectiveness and feasibility. One of the major challenges of state-estimation via WSNs is the distribution of the centralized state-estimator among the nodes in the network. Significant emphasis has been on developing non-centralized state-estimators considering communication, processing-demand and estimation-error. This survey paper presents different methodologies to obtain non-centralized state-estimators and focuses on the estimation algorithms and their implementation. The temperature distribution of a bar is used as a benchmark to assess the non-centralized state-estimators in terms of estimation-error and communication requirements

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in dynamical energy markets

The plug-in hybrid electric vehicle allows vehicle propulsion from multiple internal power sources. Electric energy from the grid can be utilized by means of the plug-in connection. An on-line energy management (EM) strategy is proposed to minimize the costs for taking energy from each power source. Especially in a dynamical energy market, an on-line optimization algorithm is desirable since energy prices change over time. By construction, the proposed EM system can operate with, and without prediction information. If predictions are available, an electronic horizon is applied to anticipate on up-coming events and further optimize the strategy. Illustrative examples are given to explain the added value for both solutions. Also the situation where energy is transferred back to the grid is considere

Electronic horizon: road information used by energy management strategies

Road information from a navigation database system is incorporated into existing EM strategies and translated into a preferred reference trajectory for the battery energy. The EM system can schedule energy among different road segments, optimising the energy efficiency of the vehicle. It turns out that, in many driving situations, the potential fuel benefits from the e-horizon are restricted, due to the excellent performance of existing EM strategies. Driving cycles using a larger range of the battery capacity benefit more from an e-horizon. Nevertheless, the potential gains are limited and will decrease if errors appear in the telematics information

Model development for air conditioning system in heavy duty trucks

This chapter presents a modelling approach for the air conditioning (AC) system in heavy duty trucks. The presented model entails two major elements: a mechanical compressor model and a thermal AC model. The compressor model describes the massflow of the refrigerant as well as the mechanical power requested from the combustion engine. The thermal AC model predicts how ambient air flow cools down when it passes the AC system. This model also includes the latent heat emerging from water condensation. Both elements of the model have been validated with experimental data. The compressor parameters follow from hardware-in-the-loop experiments where the AC compressor is measured under various load profiles. Validation of the thermal AC model is done by climate chamber testing with a DAF XF heavy duty truck on a roller dynamometer

Integrated powertrain control for hybrid electric vehicles with electric variable transmission

The electric variable transmission (EVT) offers a powersplit for hybrid electric vehicles by integrating two motor/ generator sets into one electric machine. This double rotor concept implements a continuously variable transmission between the engine and the driveline, including the possibility for electric propulsion. To guarantee good energy efficiency of the overall vehicle configuration, an integrated powertrain control (IPC) strategy is developed. First, optimization of the transmission ratio is analyzed by considering energy losses in the EVT. Next, an energy management strategy is presented incorporating the complete hybrid functionality of the EVT. Simulation results demonstrate feasibility of this IPC strategy and support the design process for optimal component specifications

Distributed economic model predictive control of networks in competitive environments

This paper addresses the control of large-scale networks of dynamical systems with a certain global objective that needs to be pursued through the actions of individual competing agents. In particular, we consider the stabilization of a specific network output at zero. This is challenging as each agent is interested only in its own objectives such as the maximization of its economic profit. We introduce a control scheme based on the economic Model Predictive Control (MPC) theory to optimize economic performance of the competing agents. The theory is then modified to take global, network-wide objectives into account as well. Additionally, it is shown that the control scheme can be distributed between the agents using the dual decomposition technique such that exchange of confidential information among these competitors is not required. Simulation results for a power system example illustrate the potential of the control strategy in terms of ensuring stable and economical operation of networks in competitive environments