Paleotectonics of a complex Miocene half graben formed above a detachment fault: The Diligencia basin, Orocopia Mountains, Southern California

The Diligencia basin in the Orocopia Mountains of southeastern California has been one of the primary areas used to test the hypothesis of more than 300 km of dextral slip along the combined San Andreas/San Gabriel fault system. The Orocopia Mountains have also been the focus of research on deposition, deformation, metamorphism, uplift and exposure of the Orocopia Schist, which resulted from fl at-slab subduction during the latest Cretaceous/Paleogene Laramide orogeny. The uppermost Oligocene/Lower Miocene Diligencia Formation consists of more than 1500 m of nonmarine strata, including basalt fl ows and intrusions dated at 24-21 Ma. The base of the Diligencia Formation sits nonconformably on Proterozoic augen gneiss and related units along the southern basin boundary, where low-gradient alluvial fans extended into playa-lacustrine environments to the northeast. The northern basal conglomerate of the Diligencia Formation, which was derived from granitic rocks in the Hayfield Mountains to the north, sits unconformably on the Eocene Maniobra Formation. The northern basal conglomerate is overlain by more than 300 m of mostly red sandstone, conglomerate, mudrock and tuff. The basal conglomerate thins and fines westward; paleocurrent measurements suggest deposition on alluvial fans derived from the northeast, an interpretation consistent with a NW-SE-trending normal fault (present orientation) as the controlling structure of the half graben formed during early Diligencia deposition. This fault is hereby named the Diligencia fault, and is interpreted as a SW-dipping normal fault, antithetic to the Orocopia Mountains detachment and related faults. Deposition of the upper Diligencia Formation was infl uenced by a NE-dipping normal fault, synthetic with, and closer to, the exposed detachment faults. The Diligencia Formation is nonconformable on Mesozoic granitoids in the northwest part of the basin. Palinspastic restoration of the Orocopia Mountain area includes the following phases, each of which corresponds with microplate-capture events along the southern California continental margin: (1) Reversal of 240 km of dextral slip on the San Andreas fault (including the Punchbowl and other fault strands) in order to align the San Francisquito-Fenner-Orocopia Mountains detachment-fault system at 6 Ma. (2) Reversal of N-S shortening and 90° of clockwise rotation of the Diligencia basin and Orocopia Mountains, and 40 km of dextral slip on the San Gabriel fault between 12 and 6 Ma. (3) Reversal of 40° of clockwise rotation of the San Gabriel block (including Soledad basin and Sierra Pelona) and 30 km of dextral slip on the Canton fault between 18 and 12 Ma. These palinspastic restorations result in a coherent set of SW-NE-trending normal faults, basins (including Diligenica basin) and antiformal structures consistent with NW-SE-directed crustal extension from 24 to 18 Ma, likely resulting from the unstable configuration of the Mendocino triple junction. © 2014 Geological Society of America

A stable heavier group 14 analogue of vinylidene

Vinylidene (H2C=C) is a member of the family of compounds of composition CH (and isomeric with ethyne, HC≡CH), but it has been observed only transiently—with a lifetime in the region of 0.1 ns. Indeed, no simple (non-base-stabilized) compounds of the type R2E=E have been characterized structurally for any of the group 14 elements. Here we show that by employing the bulky and strongly electron-donating boryl ligand (HCDippN)2B (Dipp, 2,6-iPr2C6H3), a simple monomeric digermavinylidene compound, (boryl)2GeGe, can be synthesized and is stable at room temperature. Both its formation via the two-electron chemical oxidation of the symmetrical Ge0 compound K2[(boryl)GeGe(boryl)] and its subsequent reaction chemistry (for example, with H2), are consistent with a high substituent lability and the accessibility of both 1,1- and 1,2-substitution patterns. Structural and computational studies of [(HCDippN)2B]2GeGe reveal a weak Ge–Ge double bond—the π component of which contributes to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)—with a Ge-centred lone pair as the HOMO–1

Die erste KiGGS-Folgebefragung (KiGGS Welle 1)

Die „Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland“ (KiGGS) ist Bestandteil des Gesundheitsmonitorings des Robert Koch-Instituts (RKI). Nach der KiGGS-Basiserhebung (2003–2006), die Untersuchungen und Befragungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 0 bis 17 Jahren umfasste, wurde KiGGS Welle 1 (2009 − 12) als Telefonbefragung durchgeführt. Neben der Bereitstellung längsschnittlicher Daten besteht eine zweite zentrale Zielsetzung von KiGGS darin, für den Altersbereich von 0 bis 17 Jahren wiederholt bundesweite, bevölkerungsbezogene Querschnittdaten zur gesundheitlichen Lage bereitzustellen. Das Stichprobendesign von KiGGS Welle 1 sah deshalb neben der Wiedereinladung von Teilnehmenden der KiGGS-Basiserhebung (KiGGS-Kohorte) die Ziehung einer neuen Einwohnermeldeamtsstichprobe 0- bis 6-jähriger Kinder aus den 167 Studienorten vor, da dieser Altersbereich durch die älter gewordenen Wiedereingeladenen nicht mehr besetzt war. Der vorliegende Beitrag konzentriert sich auf den für Prävalenzschätzungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter relevanten Altersbereich von 0 bis 17 Jahren. Insgesamt nahmen 12.368 Kinder und Jugendliche unter 18 Jahren teil, darunter 4455 Ersteingeladene und 7913 Wiedereingeladene (Response 38,8 und 72,9 %). Der Vergleich der Nettostichprobe mit der Bevölkerung Deutschlands (0 bis 17 Jahre) bezüglich verschiedener Merkmale und eine Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Wiederteilnahmerate und in der KiGGS-Basiserhebung erhobenen Merkmalen bei den 7- bis 17-Jährigen weisen auf eine verzerrungsarme Stichprobe hin. Zur Anpassung der Stichprobe hinsichtlich einzelner Merkmale an die Bevölkerungsstruktur sowie zum partiellen Ausgleich der Nonresponse wurden für Querschnitt- und Trendanalysen jeweils Gewichtungsfaktoren berechnet.The “German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents” (KiGGS) is part of the health monitoring system of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI). Following the KiGGS baseline study (2003 − 06), which comprised interviews and physical examinations of 0- to 17-year-old participants, KiGGS Wave 1 (2009 − 2012) was carried out as a telephone-based survey. In addition to providing longitudinal data, a second essential aim of KiGGS is to regularly provide population-based cross-sectional data on the health situation of children and adolescents aged 0–17 years living in Germany. Therefore, the study population of KiGGS Wave 1 consists of re-invited participants from the baseline study (KiGGS cohort), supplemented by newly invited children aged 0–6 years. The newly invited participants were randomly chosen from local population registries in the 167 baseline sample points. This method was chosen to supplement the sample with younger age groups. This article focuses on the age groups from 0 to 17 years, which are relevant for prevalence estimations among children and adolescents. In total 12,368 children and adolescents took part; among them 4,455 newly invited and 7,913 re-invited participants (response 38.8 and 72.9 %, respectively). A comparison of the net sample with the resident German population (0–17 years) regarding particular population characteristics and an analysis of the relationship between the re-participation rate and certain characteristics collected in the baseline study (7–17 years) suggest a mostly unbiased sample. To account for certain aspects of the population and nonresponse, cross-sectional and trend analyses were partially corrected by weighting factors