Silagem de sorgo de porte baixo com diferentes teores de tanino e de umidade no colmo. II - Alterações nos carboidratos durante a fermentação Forage sorghum silage with different tannin concentration and moisture in the stem. II - Variation on carbohydrates during fermentation

Foram estudadas silagens de quatro híbridos de sorgo, com diferentes teores de umidade no colmo combinados com teor alto ou baixo de tanino, feitas em silos de laboratório de tubos "PVC", lacrados com fita crepe e dotados de uma válvula tipo "Bunsen". Usaram-se 24 tratamentos com quatro repetições cada, sendo quatro híbridos (T1=colmo suculento e baixo tanino, T2=colmo seco e baixo tanino, T3=colmo seco e alto tanino, T4= colmo suculento e alto tanino) combinados com seis tempos para abertura do silo, sendo o primeiro tempo antes de ensilar (P1), seguido de 1, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias de ensilagem. Foram determinados os teores de carboidratos solúveis em álcool, de amido e de carboidratos estruturais. Adotou-se um esquema fatorial 4×6 e utilizou-se o teste de Tukey para comparação entre médias. A maior parte dos carboidratos solúveis foi consumida até P3. Foi verificada queda nos valores de amido ao longo da fermentação, assim como de FDN e hemicelulose. Os híbridos de colmo suculento apresentaram maiores teores de FDA. Os híbridos com alto tanino apresentaram maiores concentrações de lignina.<br>Four hybrid forage sorghums with different tannin concentrations and moisture in the stem were ensiled in laboratory silos made of "PVC" tubes. The silos were opened 1 (P2), 7 (P3), 14 (P4), 28 (P5) e 56 (P6) days after ensiling, in order to evaluate fermentation patterns and other silage characteristics. Twenty-four treatments were used, with four repetitions each: four hybrids (T1=moist stem/low tannin, T2=not moist stem/low tannin, T3=not moist stem/high tannin, T4= moist stem/high tannin) and with six periods, since the forages before ensiling (P1) were also studied. Alcohol soluble carbohydrates (ASC), starch and structural carbohydrates were determined. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance, with mean separation achieved using Tukey statistical test. The ASC were highly consumed from P1 to P3. The FDA was higher in moist stem hybrids than those in not moist stem. The lignin was higher in high tannin sorghums than those in low tannin sorghums

Consumo e digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes e ganho de peso de bovinos de corte alimentados com silagem de Brachiaria brizantha e concentrado em diferentes proporções Intake and apparent digestibility of the nutrients and weight gain of beef cattle fed diets with different proportions of Brachiaria brizantha silage and concentrate

Avaliaram-se o consumo e as digestibilidades aparentes totais dos nutrientes e o ganho de peso de bovinos de corte recebendo dietas contendo concentrado e silagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu nas seguintes proporções: 20:80, 35:65, 50:50 e 65:35, com base na matéria seca. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro animais castrados Holandês x Zebu, com peso vivo inicial médio de 364 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados. Por ocasião da ensilagem, procedeu-se o tratamento do capim com o inoculante enzimo-bacteriano Nutroeste 50 t. Para o cálculo da matéria seca fecal, utilizou-se a fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAI) como indicador. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais e alimentados ad libitum. O ensaio teve duração de 84 dias, divididos em três períodos de 28 dias após 15 dias de adaptação. Os consumos médios de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) e carboidratos totais (CHO) e as digestibilidades aparentes totais de MS, MO, CHO e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) elevaram linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de concentrado nas dietas. Comportamento semelhante foi observado para o ganho de peso médio diário, estimando-se incrementos de 0,0184 kg/unidade de concentrado adicionado. Contudo, as digestibilidades aparentes de PB, EE e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) não foram influenciadas pelas dietas, registrando-se, respectivamente, valores médios de 77, 88 e 60%. Silagem de Brachiaria brizantha não-emurchecida, constituindo 50% da dieta de bovinos H x Z, promoveu ganhos de peso em torno de 1,0 kg/dia.<br>Intake and total apparent digestibilities of the nutrients and average daily gains (ADG) by beef cattle fed diets based on concentrate and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu silage in the following proportions: 20:80, 35:65, 50:50 and 65:35, in dry matter basis were evaluated. Twenty-four crossbred (Holstein x Zebu) steers, with initial live weight of 364 kg were allotted to a randomized blocks design. At the ensiling process, an enzyme-bacterial inoculant Nutroeste 50 t was applied to the forage. For the determination of fecal dry matter, indigestible acid detergent fiber was used as a marker. The animals were housed in individual pens and fed ad libitum. The experiment lasted 84 days, divided in three periods of 28 days after 15 days of adaptation. The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and total carbohydrates (CHO) average intakes increased linearly with the increment of the concentrate in the diets. The total apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CHO and non fiber carbohydrates also increased linearly with the increment of the concentrate levels in the diets. Similar behavior was observed for ADG, with increments of 0.0184 kg/unit of concentrate added. However, apparent digestibilities of CP, EE and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber were not affected by the diets, showing values of 77, 88 and 60%, respectively. No wilted Brachiaria brizantha silage in the 50:50 concentrate to forage ratio for beef cattle Holstein x Zebu steers, promoted average weight gain close to 1.0 kg/day

The magnitude of global marine species diversity

Background: The question of how many marine species exist is important because it provides a metric for how much we do and do not know about life in the oceans. We have compiled the first register of the marine species of the world and used this baseline to estimate how many more species, partitioned among all major eukaryotic groups, may be discoveredResults: There are ~226,000 eukaryotic marine species described. More species were described in the past decade (~20,000) than in any previous one. The number of authors describing new species has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of new species described in the past six decades. We report that there are ~170,000 synonyms, that 58,000–72,000 species are collected but not yet described, and that 482,000–741,000 more species have yet to be sampled. Molecular methods may add tens of thousands of cryptic species. Thus, there may be 0.7–1.0 million marine species. Past rates of description of new species indicate there may be 0.5 ± 0.2 million marine species. On average 37% (median 31%) of species in over 100 recent field studies around the world might be new to science.Conclusions: Currently, between one-third and two-thirds of marine species may be undescribed, and previous estimates of there being well over one million marine species appear highly unlikely. More species than ever before are being described annually by an increasing number of authors. If the current trend continues, most species will be discovered this century