Experimental trade-offs between different strategies for multihop communications evaluated over real deployments of wireless sensor network for environmental monitoring

Although much work has been done since wireless sensor networks appeared, there is not a great deal of information available on real deployments that incorporate basic features associated with these networks, in particular multihop routing and long lifetimes features. In this article, an environmental monitoring application (Internet of Things oriented) is described, where temperature and relative humidity samples are taken by each mote at a rate of 2 samples/min and sent to a sink using multihop routing. Our goal is to analyse the different strategies to gather the information from the different motes in this context. The trade-offs between 'sending always' and 'buffering locally' approaches were analysed and validated experimentally, taking into account power consumption, lifetime, efficiency and reliability. When buffering locally, different options were considered such as saving in either local RAM or FLASH memory, as well different alternatives to reduce overhead with different packet sizes. The conclusion is that in terms of energy and durability, the best option is to reduce the overhead. Nevertheless, sending larger packets is not worthy when the probability of retransmission is high. If real-time monitoring is required, then sending always is better than buffering locally

Enabling Cyber Physical Systems with Wireless Sensor Networking Technologies

[[abstract]]Over the last few years, we have witnessed a growing interest in Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) that rely on a strong synergy between computational and physical components. CPSs are expected to have a tremendous impact on many critical sectors (such as energy, manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, aerospace, etc) of the economy. CPSs have the ability to transform the way human-to-human, human-toobject, and object-to-object interactions take place in the physical and virtual worlds. The increasing pervasiveness of Wireless Sensor Networking (WSN) technologies in many applications make them an important component of emerging CPS designs. We present some of the most important design requirements of CPS architectures. We discuss key sensor network characteristics that can be leveraged in CPS designs. In addition, we also review a few well-known CPS application domains that depend on WSNs in their design architectures and implementations. Finally, we present some of the challenges that still need to be addressed to enable seamless integration of WSN with CPS designs.[[incitationindex]]SCI[[booktype]]紙

Estimativas de herdabilidade e proposição de índices de seleção em Hereford no Rio Grande do Sul

A total of 8,064 records from weaning weights and conformation scores traits of calves nearly seven month-old were studied. The study included animals from 22 herds from state of Rio Grande do Sul, borned from 1973 to 1985 which were raised on pastures. The weaning weight adjusted to 205-day weight and fat deposition and the relation size-length of body were scored subjectively in a scale from zero to ten. The dates 205-day weight, fat deposition and relation size-length of body were 137.00 +/- .20 kg; 6.38 +/- 01 and 6.77 +/- 01 grades, respectively. The heritability estimates were .25 +/- .03, .38 +/- 04 and .37 +/- 04, respectively. The selection index was more efficient than direct phenotypic selection and this study also indicates that general selection index is not adequated to use it in all farms, and it is not necessary to have accurate economic values. The most important parameters to get good selection are reliable estimates of genetic and phenotypic variances and covariances.Dados de desmama de 8.064 terneiros de 22 fazendas do Rio Grande do Sul, nascidos entre 1973 e 1985, foram analisados quanto a características de peso do terneiro à desmama, ajustado para 205 dias de idade (PAJ), deposição de gordura (DGO) e relação tamanho/comprimento (TAD), sendo as duas últimas avaliadas subjetivamente numa escala de pontos de zero a dez. Nas análises estatísticas foi considerado fixo o efeito de grupo contemporâneo (ano e época de nascimento, sexo, código de alimentação e eventuais interações). Além disso, considerou-se a idade da vaca como covariável de efeito linear, sendo fazenda e touro considerados aleatórios. Para o conjunto total de dados, a média do PAJ foi 137,00±0,20 kg. Para DGO e TAD, as respectivas médias foram 6,38±0,01 e 6,77±0,01. As estimativas de herdabilidade foram 0,25±0,03, 0,38±0,04 e 0,37±0,04 para PAJ, DGO e TAD, respectivamente. O método de índice de seleção mostrou-se mais vantajoso que a seleção massal, e os resultados indicaram que índices de seleção devem ser elaborados com dados específicos de cada fazenda

VARIANCE COMPONENTS AND RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTIVE, LITTER AND GROWTH TRAITS THROUGH A MULTI-PURPOSE INDEX

[EN] Variance components and genetic trends were estimated for number of services/parturition (NS), parturition interval (PI), number born alive (NB), number weaned/litter born (NW), litter weaning weight (LW), 30-d individual weaning (WW) and 70-d (W70) weights and a multipltHrait selection index (MI) in rabbits from a closed population in Botucatu, Southeast Brazil. Phenotypic values for two litter (NW and LWW), and two individual performance (WW and W70) traits were included in the index. Individual selection according to the multiple-trait index was practised for a 2.6-yr period (January 1992 through July 1994). PerfQrrnance records collected for five years (July 1989 through July 1994) on 2,162 parturitions, 2,122 litters, and 10,440 individuals were included in the analyses. The general model used to estimate variance components and breeding values included the random effects of animal, maternal genetic, and permanent dam effects (for reproductive and litter traits) or common litter effects (for individual weight traits), and fixed effects of parity, parturition date, sex (for individual weight traits) and covariates of the inbreeding coefficient of the dam (for reproductiva and litter traits) or of the rabbit and its dam (for individual weight traits). lnbreeding coefficients ranged from O to 0.36. For reproductive and litter traits, estimates of permanent dam effects ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 and estimates of direct heritability ranged from 0.02 to 0.05. The estimated genetic correlation between NS and PI was 0.73. For WW, W70, and MI, estimates of direct and maternal heritabilities and direct-maternal genetic correlation were 0.08, 0.08 and 0.28; 0.18, 0.05 and 0.76; and -0.35, 0.59 and -0.46, respectively. Estimated common litter effects for WW and W70 were 0.44 and 0.26, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic trends/yr for NS, PI, NB, NW and LW were -0.0037 ± 0.0003 services, -0.200 ± 0.030 d, 0.034 ± 0.010 young/litter, 0.039 ± 0.006 young/litter, and 35.2 ± 4.6 g, respectively. Estimates of direct and maternal genetic trends/yr were 6.74 ± 0.39 g and 1.58 ± 0.60 g for WW; 17.20 ± 1.22 g and 8.35 ± 0.71 g for W70; and 4.91 ± 0.65 and -2.34 ± 0.39 for MI. Individual weight traits showed meaningful genetic trends with multiple-trait selection, whereas reproductive and litter traits showed slight, but favourable genetic changes. lt seems possible to achieve slow, but simultaneous improvement of litter and growth traits with a multipletrait selection program in rabbits.[FR] Les composantes de la variance et les parametres génétiques ont été estimés pour le nombre d'accouplements nécessaires par mise bas (NS), l'intervalle entre deux mises bas consécutives (PI), le nombre de lapereaux nés vivants par portée (NB), le nombre sevrés par portée née (NW), le poids de portée au sevrage (LW), le poids individue\ lors du sevrage a 30 jours (WW) puis a 70 jours (W70) et enfin pour un index de sélection multi-caracteres (MI), chez des lapins élevés en population fermée a Botucatu dans le sud-est du Brésil. L'index de sélection comprend deux valeurs phénotypiques liées a la portée (NW et LW) et deux valeurs individuelles (WW et W70). Une sélection individuelle d'apres la valeur de l'index multicaractéres a été effec.~uée pendan! 2,6 années (de janvier 1992 a juillet 1994). La mesure des caracteres a été effectuée sur une pério,de totale de 5 ans, de juillet 1989 a juillet 1994. Les données collectées porten! sur 2162 mises bas et 2122 portées. L'analyse des performances individuelles a été effectuée sur 1 O 440 lapereaux. Le modele général utilisé pour estimer la variance et les parametres d'élevage incluait d'une part les effets aléatoires de !'animal, de la génétique maternelle, ainsi l'effet maternal permanent (pour les caracteres de reproduction ou relatifs a la portée) ou l'effet moyen de portée (pour les ~aracteres individuels), et d'autre part les effets fixes de la parité, de la date de mise bas, du sexe (pour les poids individuels), ainsi que le coefficient de consanguinité de la mere (pour les caracteres de reproduction ou reliées a la portées), ou des lapereaux et de leur mére (pour les caracteres individuels) comme covariables. Les coefficients de consanguinité variaient de 0,0 a 0,36. Pour les caracteres de reproduction ou relatifs a la portée, les estimées des effets permanents de la mere varient de 0,03 a 0,09. Les estimées de l'héritabilité directe varient de 0,02 a 0,05. L'estimation de la corrélation génétique entre NS et PI est de 0,73. Les estimations de l'héritabilité directe, de l'héritabilité maternelle et celle de la corrélation génétique entre les effets direct et maternel ont été de 0,08 - 0,08 et 0,28 pour WW, de 0,18 - 0,05 et 0,76 pour W70 et enfin de -0,35 de 0,59 et de -0,46 pour MI. Les estimées de l'effet commun de portée ont été 0,44 et 0,26 pour WW et W70 respectivement. Les estimées des effets génétiques annuels directs pour NS, PI, NB, NW et LW ont été de -0,0037 ± 0,0003 accouplements, -0,200 ± 0,030 jours, 0,034 ± 0,010 lapereaux nés par portée, 0,039 ±006 lapereaux sevrés par mise bas, et 35,2 ± 4,6 g respectivement. Les estimées des effets génétiques annuels directs et maternels ont été de 6,74 ± 0,39 g et 1,58 ± 0.60 g pour WW, de 17,20 ±1,22 et 8,35 ± 0,71 g pour W70 et enfin de 4,91 ± 0,65 et -2,34 ± 0,39 pour MI. Les caracteres individuels pondéraux montrent une réponse génétique nette a la sélection avec l'index multi-caracteres utilisé par les auteurs, tandis que les caracteres de reproduction ou relatifs aux portées montrent une évolution génétique plus faible mais dans le sens favorable. Ainsi, grace a une sélection avec un index multi-caracteres il semble possible d'obtenir chez le lapin une amélioration lente mais simultanée des caracteres relatifs aux portées et de ceux relatifs a la croissance.This research project has been partialy funded by grants from CNPq, FAPESP and FUNDUNESP, Brazil. The authors would like to thank Mrs. Irene F. Arruda for technical assistanceMoura, A.; Costa, A.; Polastre, R. (2001). VARIANCE COMPONENTS AND RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR REPRODUCTIVE, LITTER AND GROWTH TRAITS THROUGH A MULTI-PURPOSE INDEX. World Rabbit Science. 9(2). https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2001.449SWORD9