Alteration of post harvest diseases of mango Mangifera indica through production practices and climatic factors

Mango production in Senegal takes place over the two seasons of dry and humid conditions between April and November. The increasing demand for fresh mangoes has led to an increase in land areaallocated to that crop. Mango production suffers, however, from fruit rotting due to post-harvest diseases during ripening. These diseases reduce the fruit quality and cause severe losses. A surveywas carried out in 2004 to detect fungi involved in post-harvest rot of mangoes (cv. Kent) produced in the Niayes area of Senegal in relation with the production practices and the climatic conditions. Theresults showed that at first harvest during the dry season, a broader species range of fungi including Alternaria sp., Botryodiplodia theobromae, Dothiorella sp., Aspergillus niger and non-identified fungiwere responsible for mango rotting. The fruits harvested during the humid season, however, were more heavily infested but a smaller number of fungal agents were involved; Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesand secondarily Phoma mangiferae played the main role. The cultural practices played an important role on mango infection whereby orchard sanitation and particularly cleaning and pruning reduced theinfection rates. Orchards with no care, in contrast, yielded the most heavily infested mango samples. In addition, the harvest practice of inversion of fruits in soil for sap elimination increases contaminationwith pathogenic fungi

Caractérisation biologique in vitro de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides penz, agent de l\'anthracnose du manguier (Mangifera indica L).

L'influence de la température et de quelques fongicides a été utilisée pour la caractérisation in vitro de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. L'étude de l'influence de la température sur la croissance in vitro et la germination des spores de C. gloeosporioides, champignon phytopathogène, responsable de l'anthracnose du manguier, a montré que les températures 25 et 30 °C sont plus favorables aussi bien pour le développement mycélien que pour la germination des spores. Le test de différents fongicides incluant l'azoxystrobine, le chlorothalonil, l'imazalil, l'oxychlorure de cuivre, le thiophanate méthyl, le myclobutanil, le mancozèbe et le manèbe a montré l'efficacité marquée du myclobutanil et du chlorothalonil pour le contrôle in vitro de la croissance mycélienne. En effet, ces fongicides ont présenté des DL50 inférieures à 1 ppm. L'imazalil, l'azoxystrobine et le mancozèbe ont montré des DL50 respectives de 1,5, 1,7 et 5,3 ppm. Pour la germination des spores l'imazalil et le chlorothalonil inhibent totalement la germination des spores à 50 ppm tandis que pour l'oxychlorure de cuivre le mancozèbe et le manèbe cette inhibition a été notée à 100 ppm.For in vitro characterization of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, responsible for mango anthracnose, the influence temperatures and selected fungicides has been tested on mycelial growth and spore germination. The results showed that 25 °C and 30 °C are more suitable for mycelial growth as well as for spore germination. The fungicide tests involving azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, imazalil, copper oxychoride, thiophanate-methyl, myclobutanil, mancozeb and maneb showed a marked efficiency of myclobutanil and chlorothalonil for in vitro inhibition of mycelial growth. These two fungicides presented a DL50 below 1 ppm and were therefore classified as very efficient. Imazalil, azoxystrobine and mancozeb with a higher DL50, respectively 1,5, 1,7 and 5,3 ppm were classified as efficient. For spores germination, imazalil and chlorothalonil inhibited totally spores germination at 50 ppm whereas for copper oxychloride, mancozeb and maneb a complete inhibition was obtained at 100 ppm. Keywords: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, croissance in vitro, température, fongicides, manguier; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, mycelial growth, temperature, fungicides, mango. Journal des Sciences Pour l\'Ingénieur. Vol. 9 2008: pp. 21-2

Predictive risk factors for liver abscess rupture: A prospective study of 138 cases

Introduction: Liver abscess is a serious condition due to its complications. The most frequent complication is rupture. Our aim is to determine the predictive risk factors of liver abscess rupture at the Saint Louis Regional Hospital Center.Material and methods: This is a prospective descriptive and analytical study over the period of 1st January 2016 to 28th February 2019. We included liver abscess records regardless of age. An univariate and then multivariate analysis according to a Cox model allowed us to determine the factors associated with the occurrence of rupture.Results: We collected 138 cases with 78 cases of amoebic abscess (55.3%) and 60 cases of pyogenic abscess (42.6%). We had 36 cases of rupture (26%), including 29 cases in the peritoneal cavity. The mean age was 28 years ± 18. The sex ratio (M:F) was 3.7. There were 35.5% (n= 49) of patients aged under 15 years. The mean consultation time was 18.8 days ± 4.5. The localization was the right lobe in 76.7%, the left lobe in 9.3% and bi lobar in 14%. The mean diameter of abscesses was 8 cm ± 7.5 (Range: 3.7; 16 cm). The abscesses were unique in 85.5% of cases, and sub-capsular in 15.2% of case. Gas was present in 5.7% of cases. The commonest germ found was Staphylococcus aureus in 14.5% of patients. The predictive risk factors of rupture found after univariate analysis were: diameter (p &lt;0.001), age less than 15 years (OR= 4.3; p&lt;0.001), pyogenic origin of abscesses (OR= 4.3, p &lt;0.001), undernutrition (OR=2.3, p= 0.038), jaundice (OR = 4.5, p = 0.009) , left-lobe localization (OR= 7, p = 0.002), subcapsular localization (OR=8.6, p &lt;0.001); the presence of gas (p &lt;0.001). Multivariate analysis identified 5 variables considered as independent risk factors for rupture: the pyogenic origin (HR= 22.51, p&lt;0.001); age less than 15 years (HR= 2,296, p= 0.049); abscess diameter (HR= 1.411, p= 0.004); left lobe localization (HR= 18.68, p &lt;0.001) and sub-capsular localization (HR= 2.689, p= 0.017).Conclusion: In our study, predictive risk factor for liver abscess rupture were: pyogenic origin, age less than 15 years, abscess diameter, left-lobe and subcapsular localization. The knowledge of these factors allows early and appropriate treatment to avoid complications.</p