66 research outputs found
Tissue Microenvironments Define and Get Reinforced by Macrophage Phenotypes in Homeostasis or during Inflammation, Repair and Fibrosis
Current macrophage phenotype classifications are based on distinct in vitro culture conditions that do not adequately mirror complex tissue environments. In vivo monocyte progenitors populate all tissues for immune surveillance which supports the maintenance of homeostasis as well as regaining homeostasis after injury. Here we propose to classify macrophage phenotypes according to prototypical tissue environments, e.g. as they occur during homeostasis as well as during the different phases of (dermal) wound healing. In tissue necrosis and/or infection, damage- and/or pathogen-associated molecular patterns induce proinflammatory macrophages by Toll-like receptors or inflammasomes. Such classically activated macrophages contribute to further tissue inflammation and damage. Apoptotic cells and antiinflammatory cytokines dominate in postinflammatory tissues which induce macrophages to produce more antiinflammatory mediators. Similarly, tumor-associated macrophages also confer immunosuppression in tumor stroma. Insufficient parenchymal healing despite abundant growth factors pushes macrophages to gain a profibrotic phenotype and promote fibrocyte recruitment which both enforce tissue scarring. Ischemic scars are largely devoid of cytokines and growth factors so that fibrolytic macrophages that predominantly secrete proteases digest the excess extracellular matrix. Together, macrophages stabilize their surrounding tissue microenvironments by adapting different phenotypes as feed-forward mechanisms to maintain tissue homeostasis or regain it following injury. Furthermore, macrophage heterogeneity in healthy or injured tissues mirrors spatial and temporal differences in microenvironments during the various stages of tissue injury and repair. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Base
Mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a model of Coxsackievirus B3-induced inflammatory cardiomyopathy
Inflammation in myocarditis induces cardiac injury and triggers disease
progression to heart failure. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is a newly
identified amplifying step in the pathogenesis of myocarditis. We previously
have demonstrated that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are cardioprotective in
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis. In this study, MSC markedly
inhibited left ventricular (LV) NOD2, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18
mRNA expression in CVB3-infected mice. ASC protein expression, essential for
NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, increased upon CVB3 infection and was abrogated
in MSC-treated mice. Concomitantly, CVB3 infection in vitro induced NOD2
expression, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion in HL-1 cells,
which was abolished after MSC supplementation. The inhibitory effect of MSC on
NLRP3 inflammasome activity in HL-1 cells was partly mediated via secretion of
the anti-oxidative protein stanniocalcin-1. Furthermore, MSC application in
CVB3-infected mice reduced the percentage of NOD2-, ASC-, p10- and/or IL-1β-
positive splenic macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. The
suppressive effect of MSC on inflammasome activation was associated with
normalized expression of prominent regulators of myocardial contractility and
fibrosis to levels comparable to control mice. In conclusion, MSC treatment in
myocarditis could be a promising strategy limiting the adverse consequences of
cardiac and systemic NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Attenuated and Protease-Profile Modified Sendai Virus Vectors as a New Tool for Virotherapy of Solid Tumors
Peer reviewe
Opposing efficacy of group III mGlu receptor activators, LSP1-2111 and AMN082, in animal models of positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Natural humoral immune response to ribosomal P0 protein in colorectal cancer patients
Tumor associated antigens are useful in colorectal cancer (CRC) management. The ribosomal P proteins (P0, P1, P2) play an important role in protein synthesis and tumor formation. The immunogenicity of the ribosomal P0 protein in head and neck, in breast and prostate cancer patients and the overexpression of the carboxyl-terminal P0 epitope (C-22 P0) in some tumors were reported
Comparative study of storage compound breakdown in germinating seeds of three lupine species
Effects of Chronic Stress on Prefrontal Cortex Transcriptome in Mice Displaying Different Genetic Backgrounds
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