The vocal repertoire of the yellow-throated honeyeater, Lichenostomus flavicollis

Vocalisations of the yellow-throated honeyeater were recorded at Mount Nelson, and throughout northern and eastern Tasmania. Territorial songs, calls associated with territorial disputes, and calls given by parents and young during the breeding cycle are described

Breeding biology and behaviour of the yellow-throated honeyeater, Lichenostomus flavicollis

The breeding biology and behaviour of the yellow-throated honeyeater Lichenostomus flavicollis was studied at Mount Nelson, Tasmania. An influx of yellow-throated honeyeaters, including females, in late June resulted in an increase in territorial disputes and the initiation of breeding activities. Nest building and incubation was only carried out by the female, while the male was occupied in territorial defence. Fledglings were fed by both parents until the the female started building the nest

Geographical variations in the correlates of blood donor turnout rates: An investigation of Canadian metropolitan areas

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Like other countries, Canada's population is aging, and the implications of this demographic change need to be better understood from the perspective of blood supply. Analysis of donor data will help to identify systematic patterns of donation and its correlates.</p> <p>Data</p> <p>Geo-coded blood donor and donor clinic data are provided by Canadian Blood Services. Blood donor data is provided for the fiscal year 2006-2007 indicating the total number of donors for each Canadian postal code, excluding the province of Québec. Potential correlates of blood donation are selected based on social and economic characteristics, as well as descriptors of city size and geographical location in the urban hierarchy measures of accessibility, and capacity of donor clinics.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data is aggregated to <it>n </it>= 3,746 census tracts in 40 Census Metropolitan Areas (CMA) across the country. The number of donors per population in a census tract is regressed against the set of potential donation correlates. Autocorrelation is tested for and results adjusted to provide parsimonious models.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A number of factors are found to influence donation across the country, including the proportion of younger residents, English ability, proportion of people with immigrant status, higher education, and a population-based measure of accessibility.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>While a number of correlates of blood donation are observed across Canada, important contextual effects across metropolitan areas are highlighted. The paper concludes by looking at policy options that are aimed toward further understanding donor behaviour.</p

Ears of the Armadillo: Global Health Research and Neglected Diseases in Texas

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have\ud been recently identified as significant public\ud health problems in Texas and elsewhere in\ud the American South. A one-day forum on the\ud landscape of research and development and\ud the hidden burden of NTDs in Texas\ud explored the next steps to coordinate advocacy,\ud public health, and research into a\ud cogent health policy framework for the\ud American NTDs. It also highlighted how\ud U.S.-funded global health research can serve\ud to combat these health disparities in the\ud United States, in addition to benefiting\ud communities abroad

Axin2 as regulatory and therapeutic target in newborn brain injury and remyelination.

Permanent damage to white matter tracts, comprising axons and myelinating oligodendrocytes, is an important component of brain injuries of the newborn that cause cerebral palsy and cognitive disabilities, as well as multiple sclerosis in adults. However, regulatory factors relevant in human developmental myelin disorders and in myelin regeneration are unclear. We found that AXIN2 was expressed in immature oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OLPs) in white matter lesions of human newborns with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic and gliotic brain damage, as well as in active multiple sclerosis lesions in adults. Axin2 is a target of Wnt transcriptional activation that negatively feeds back on the pathway, promoting β-catenin degradation. We found that Axin2 function was essential for normal kinetics of remyelination. The small molecule inhibitor XAV939, which targets the enzymatic activity of tankyrase, acted to stabilize Axin2 levels in OLPs from brain and spinal cord and accelerated their differentiation and myelination after hypoxic and demyelinating injury. Together, these findings indicate that Axin2 is an essential regulator of remyelination and that it might serve as a pharmacological checkpoint in this process

PLIN5 deletion remodels intracellular lipid composition and causes insulin resistance in muscle

Defective control of lipid metabolism leading to lipotoxicity causes insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, a major factor leading to diabetes. Here, we demonstrate that perilipin (PLIN) 5 is required to couple intramyocellular triacylglycerol lipolysis with the metabolic demand for fatty acids. PLIN5 ablation depleted triacylglycerol stores but increased sphingolipids including ceramide, hydroxylceramides and sphingomyelin. We generated perilipin 5 (Plin5)-/- mice to determine the functional significance of PLIN5 in metabolic control and insulin action. Loss of PLIN5 had no effect on body weight, feeding or adiposity but increased whole-body carbohydrate oxidation. Plin5-/- mice developed skeletal muscle insulin resistance, which was associated with ceramide accumulation. Liver insulin sensitivity was improved in Plin5-/- mice, indicating tissue-specific effects of PLIN5 on insulin action. We conclude that PLIN5 plays a critical role in coordinating skeletal muscle triacylglycerol metabolism, which impacts sphingolipid metabolism, and is requisite for the maintenance of skeletal muscle insulin action. &copy; 2014 The Authors

The NIH-NIAID Schistosomiasis Resource Center

A bench scientist studying schistosomiasis must make a large commitment to maintain the parasite's life cycle, which necessarily involves a mammalian (definitive) host and the appropriate species of snail (intermediate host). This is often a difficult and expensive commitment to make, especially in the face of ever-tightening funds for tropical disease research. In addition to funding concerns, investigators usually face additional problems in the allocation of sufficient lab space to this effort (especially for snail rearing) and the limited availability of personnel experienced with life cycle upkeep. These problems can be especially daunting for the new investigator entering the field. Over 40 years ago, the National Institutes of Health–National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH-NIAID) had the foresight to establish a resource from which investigators could obtain various schistosome life stages without having to expend the effort and funds necessary to maintain the entire life cycle on their own. This centralized resource translated into cost savings to both NIH-NIAID and to principal investigators by freeing up personnel costs on grants and allowing investigators to divert more funds to targeted research goals. Many investigators, especially those new to the field of tropical medicine, are only vaguely, if at all, aware of the scope of materials and support provided by this resource. This review is intended to help remedy that situation. Following a short history of the contract, we will give a brief description of the schistosome species provided, provide an estimate of the impact the resource has had on the research community, and describe some new additions and potential benefits the resource center might have for the ever-changing research interests of investigators

Ultrasound-Guided Placement of a Renal Artery Stent Using an Intracardiac Probe for Transvascular Imaging

In this set of images obtained during an experimental study using a porcine animal model, we introduce ultrasound guidance of percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty and renal stenting. A state-of-the-art intracardiac ultrasound catheter is used here for transvascular scanning from within the lumen of the abdominal aorta, thus providing a field of view for navigation of a balloon catheter and a wire coil (“stent”) into each renal artery of a pig. This study is intended as a contribution to the growing field of minimally invasive interventions and their navigation by non-ionizing ultrasound imaging

Statistical Inference for Valued-Edge Networks: Generalized Exponential Random Graph Models

Across the sciences, the statistical analysis of networks is central to the production of knowledge on relational phenomena. Because of their ability to model the structural generation of networks, exponential random graph models are a ubiquitous means of analysis. However, they are limited by an inability to model networks with valued edges. We solve this problem by introducing a class of generalized exponential random graph models capable of modeling networks whose edges are valued, thus greatly expanding the scope of networks applied researchers can subject to statistical analysis

Does self-monitoring of blood glucose improve outcome in type 2 diabetes? The Fremantle Diabetes Study

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: To assess whether self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is an independent predictor of improved outcome in a community-based cohort of type 2 diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used longitudinal data from (1) 1,280 type 2 diabetic participants in the observational Fremantle Diabetes Study (FDS) who reported SMBG and diabetes treatment status at study entry (1993–1996), and (2) a subset of 531 participants who attended six or more annual assessments (referred to as the 5-year cohort). Diabetes-related morbidity, cardiac death and all-cause mortality were ascertained at each assessment, supplemented by linkage to the Western Australian Data Linkage System. RESULTS: At baseline, 70.2% (898 out of 1,280) of type 2 patients used SMBG. During 12,491 patient-years of follow-up (mean 9.8 ± 3.5 years), 486 (38.0%) type 2 participants died (196 [15.3%] from cardiac causes). SMBG was significantly less prevalent in those who died during follow-up than in those who were still alive at the end of June 2006 (65.4 vs 73.0%, p = 0.005). In Cox proportional hazards modelling, after adjustment for confounding and explanatory variables, SMBG was not independently associated with all-cause mortality, but was associated with a 79% increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients not treated with insulin. For the 5-year cohort, time-dependent SMBG was independently associated with a 48% reduced risk of retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: SMBG was not independently associated with improved survival. Inconsistent findings relating to the association of SMBG with cardiac death and retinopathy may be due to confounding, incomplete covariate adjustment or chance