Combining ability and heterotic grouping of highland transition maize inbred lines

The objectives of the present study were to examine combining ability of highland transition maize inbred lines for grain yield and other desirable traits, to determine heterotic groups of germplasm of the inbred lines and to identify promising hybrid crosses. Twenty-six inbred lines were factorially mated (Design II) with six testers and the resulting F1s along with two checks and the parents were evaluated in separate trials at five locations namely: Ambo, Awassa, Bako, Holeta and Kulumsa, all in Ethiopia during 2002. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were calculated using line x tester analysis. GCA mean squares due to lines and, testers were highly significant (P < 0.01) for all the traits. Similarly SCA mean squares for most traits except for days to physiological maturity and for northern leaf blight (NLB, caused by Exserohilum turcicum) were found highly significant (P < 0.001). The ratio of GCA/SCA mean square further exhibited the preponderance of additive gene effects in the inheritance of all traits. Estimates of GCA effects indicated that three inbred lines showed good combiners for grain yield. For days to silking four, for grey leaf spot (GLS caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon), three, and for NLB one inbred lines revealed significantly negative GCA effects. These inbred lines can be a good source of variability for the improvement of the traits in the breeding program. Significantly different SCA effects were revealed for crosses involving most traits. A number of single crosses out-yielded the hybrid checks (BH660 and BH 540) and also revealed desirable plant height performances. Moreover, two best contrasting heterotic group (Pool 9A-MHM x 142-1-e) composed of 13 and 10 inbred lines, respectively, have been determined to initiate heterotic source germplasm. This heterotic group may have wide applicability in the east African highland maize breeding programs, as well

Relationship between hybrid performance and AFLP based genetic distance in highland maize inbred lines

The objectives of this study were to determine the crossing performance of highland maize inbred lines for grain yield, days to silk and plant height; estimate genetic distance (GD) among the inbred lines and in association with tester parents, and to investigate the relationship of GD with hybrid performance and midparent heterosis (MPH). A total of 26 inbred lines were crossed with six (population and line) testers in a factorial-mating scheme. The F1’s and the parents were evaluated at five locations in Ethiopia. Nine amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer pairs were used to genotype all the parents. The F1’s were found to vary widely for grain yield and other traits measured. Yield superiority of more than 30% over the best hybrid check was obtained for some testcross hybrids. Midparent heterosis on average was moderate for grain yield and, plant height. And for days to silking, MPH values were mostly negative. Mean GD values determined from the inbred lines by population tester (0.680) and line tester (0.661) combinations were not significantly different. Cluster analysis separated the tester parents from the corresponding inbred lines. AFLP grouping of the inbred lines was in agreement with their pedigree records. Genetic distances derived from the inbred lines × all testers and from the population testers’ sub-group were not positively correlated with hybrid performance and MPH for most traits. In contrast, correlations of GDs involving the line testers’ sub-group with F1’s and MPH were significantly positive but with low magnitude to be of predictive value

Genome-edited crops for improved food security of smallholder farmers

Widespread enthusiasm about potential contributions of genome-edited crops to address climate change, food security, nutrition and health, environmental sustainability and diversification of agriculture is dampened by concerns about the associated risks. Analysis of the top seven risks of genome-edited crops finds that the scientific risks are comparable to those of accepted, past and current breeding methods, but failure to address regulatory, legal and trade framework, and the granting of social license, squanders the potential benefits

Combining ability of maize inbred lines evaluated in three environments in Brazil Capacidade de combinação de linhagens de milho avaliadas em três ambientes do Brasil

For tropical areas like Brazil, genotype x environment interaction is an important source of variation. Our objectives were to examine the combining abilities and their interaction with environments in ten selected maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines in diallel crosses and to identify candidates for promising hybrid combinations. Crosses and checks were evaluated through a 7 x 7 triple lattice design at three locations during the 1984/85 season. Several agronomic traits were evaluated, but here only data on ear yield are discussed. Yield data were adjusted for stand variation (correction to 50 plants per plot) and grain moisture (15.5%). Data for ear yield were analysed using an adaptation of Griffing’s method IV for complete diallel crosses, and experiments were repeated in several environments. The means of the crosses over all environments ranged from 6.6 t/ha to 10.3 t/ha. The combining ability analysis of diallel data across environments showed highly significant (P<0.01) effects for environment, general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and GCA x environment interaction. The SCA x environment interaction was not significant. Results showed that both GCA and SCA were important for this diallel cross. Considering the 13 hybrids that showed higher yields than the commercial hybrid controls, contributions by GCA and SCA effects were 56% and 44%, respectively. On the other hand, selecting only the best five hybrids, SCA effects were always more important than GCA effects for each environment and over all environments.<br>Em regiões tropicais a interação genótipo x ambiente é uma importante fonte de variação. Esse estudo teve por objetivos avaliar em cruzamentos dialélicos as capacidades de combinação e suas interações com ambientes e identificar as combinações híbridas mais promissoras entre dez linhagens selecionadas de milho (Zea mays L.). Os híbridos e as testemunhas foram avaliados no delineamento látice triplo 7 x 7 em três ambientes durante o ano agrícola de 1984/85. Nesse trabalho são discutidos apenas os dados de produção de grãos, os quais foram corrigidos para a variação de estande (50 plantas por parcela) e umidade de grão (15,5%). Os dados de peso de espigas foram analisados utilizando-se uma adaptação do método IV de Griffing, no qual os cruzamentos obtidos no dialélico completo são avaliados em vários ambientes. A média dos híbridos considerando todos os ambientes variou de 6,6 t/ha a 10,3 t/ha. Na análise dialélica conjunta foram detectadas diferenças altamente significativas (P<0,01) para ambientes, capacidade geral de combinação (CGC), capacidade específica de combinação (CEC) e para a interação CGC x ambientes; a interação CEC x ambientes não foi significativa. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que tanto CGC como CEC foram importantes para esse conjunto de híbridos. Para os 13 híbridos mais produtivos as contribuições dos efeitos da CGC e CEC foram 56% e 44%, respectivamente. Por outro lado, tomando-se apenas os cinco melhores híbridos, os efeitos da CEC foram sempre mais expressivos em relação aos efeitos da CGC, para cada híbrido e na média dos ambientes

Heterosis in crosses among white grain maize populations with high quality protein Heterose em cruzamentos entre populações de milho de grãos brancos com alta qualidade protéica

The objective of this work was to investigate heterosis and its components in 16 white grain maize populations presenting high quality protein. These populations were divided according to grain type in order to establish different heterosis groups. The crosses were carried out according to a partial diallel cross design among flint and dent populations. Seven agronomic traits were evaluated in three environments while four leaf diseases and incidence of corn stunt were evaluated in one. Least square procedure was applied to the normal equation X'Xbeta = X'Y, to estimate the model effects and their respective sum of squares. Among the heterosis components, in diallel analysis, significance for average heterosis in grain yield, number of days to female flowering and to all evaluated diseases was detected. Specific heterosis was significant for days to female flowering and resistance to Puccinia polysora. Results concerned to grain yield trait indicate that populations with superior performance in dent group, no matter what flint population group is used in crosses, tend to generate superior intervarietal hybrids. In decreasing order of preference, the dent type populations CMS 476, ZQP/B 103 and ZQP/B 101 and the flint type CMS 461, CMS 460, ZQP/B 104 and ZQP/B 102 are recommended to form composites.<br>O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a heterose e seus componentes em 16 populações de milho de grãos brancos, de alta qualidade protéica. Estas populações foram divididas de acordo com o tipo de grão, para estabelecer grupos heteróticos diferentes. Os cruzamentos foram realizados entre populações dentadas e duras, seguindo o esquema dialélico parcial. Sete caracteres agronômicos foram avaliados em três locais, e quatro doenças foliares e a incidência de enfezamento, em um. O procedimento de quadrados mínimos foi aplicado à equação normal X'Xbeta = X'Y, para estimar os efeitos do modelo e suas respectivas somas de quadrados. Entre os componentes de heterose, na análise dialélica, detectou-se significância para heterose média em dias para o florescimento feminino e resistência a Puccinia polysora. As populações com performance superior no grupo dentado, independentemente da população dura usada no cruzamento, tendem a gerar híbridos intervarietais de produtividade superior. Na formação de compostos, são recomendadas as populações CMS 476, ZQP/B 103 e ZQP/B 101, do tipo dentado, e CMS 461, CMS 460, ZQP/B 104 e ZQP/B 102, do tipo duro, nesta ordem