Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Use Of Solid-phase Extraction And High-performance Liquid Chromatography For The Determination Of Triazine Residues In Water: Validation Of The Method

A method for determination of some triazine residues in water has been developed. The method involves concentration with C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis using a C18 column with UV detection at 230 nm, a mobile phase of methanol-water (60:40, v/v) at pH 4.6 (phosphoric acid) and a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min. After optimization of the extraction and separation conditions, the method was validated. The method can be used for determination of atrazine, simazine, cyanazine and ametryn in water, within the international limits of 0.1 μg/l. Copyright (C) 2000.86901/02/15463469Dean, J.R., Wade, G., Barnabas, I.J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 295Pacáková, V., Stulík, J., Jiskra, J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 17Pacáková, V., Stulik, K., Prikoda, M., (1988) J. Chromatogr., 442, p. 147Hidalgo, C., Sancho, J.V., Hernández, F., (1997) Anal. Chim. Acta, 338, p. 223Knutsson, M., Nilvé, G., Mathiasson, L., Jonsson, J.A., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 197Hartrík, S., Tekel, J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 217Tolosa, I., Readman, J.W., Mee, L.D., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 725, p. 93Aguilar, C., Borrull, F., Marcé, R.M., (1996) LC·GC, 14, p. 1048Balinova, A., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 125Junker-Buchneit, A., Witzenbacher, M., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 737, p. 67Barceló, D., (1993) J. Chromatogr., 643, p. 117Sherma, J., (1995) Anal. Chem., 67, pp. 1RLiska, I., Slobodník, J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 235Aguilar, C., Borrull, F., Marcé, R.M., (1996) Chromatographia, 43, p. 592Gokmen, V., Acar, J., (1996) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 19, p. 1917Kim, H.S., Lee, S.K., Lee, D.W., (1997) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 20, p. 871Hernández, F., Hidalgo, C., Sancho, J.V., Lopes, F.J., (1998) Anal. Chem., 70, p. 3322Sacchero, G., Apone, S., Sarzanini, C., Mentasti, E., (1994) J. Chromatogr. a, 668, p. 365Chiron, S., Alba, A.F., Barceló, D., (1993) Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, p. 2352Chiron, S., Papilloud, S., Haerdi, W., Barceló, D., (1995) Anal. Chem., 67, p. 1637Causon, R., (1997) J. Chromatogr. B, 689, p. 175Francotte, E., Davatz, A., Richert, R., (1996) J. Chromatogr. B, 686, p. 77Bressolle, F., Bromet-Petit, M., Audran, M., (1996) J. Chromatogr. B, 686, p. 3Quattrochi, O.A., De Andrizzi, S.I.A., Laba, R.F., (1992) Introducción a la HPLC - Aplicación Y Práctica, pp. 301-328. , Buenos Aires: Artes Gráficas FarroFont, G., Mañes, J., Moltó, J.C., Picó, Y., (1993) J. Chromatogr., 642, p. 135Pinto, G.M.F., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (1999) J. Chromatogr. a, 846, p. 369(1997) Roteiro para Validação de Metodologia Analítica Visando a Determinação de Resíduos de Pesticidas, , Laboratório Vegetal do Ministério da Agricultura, GARP, ANDEF, versão 1(1974) Herbicide Handbook 3rd Edition, , New York: Weed Science Society of AmericaAlmeida, F.S., Rodrigues, B.N., (1988) Guias de Herbicidas 2nd Edition, , Londrina: LivroceresKaufmann, P.C., Kearney, D.D., (1969) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degradation and Mode of Action 2nd Edition, , New York: Marcel Dekke

Determination Of Bentazon Residues In Water By High-performance Liquid Chromatography. Validation Of The Method

A method for determination of bentazon residues in water has been developed. The method involves solid-phase extraction with C18 extraction tubes and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. A C18 column and guard column were used with UV detection at 230 nm, a mobile phase of methanol-water (60:40, v/v) at pH 4.6 (phosphoric acid) and a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min. After optimization of the extraction and separation conditions, the method was validated. The method developed can be used for determination of bentazon in water, within the international limits of 0.1 μg/l, with a 500-fold pre-concentration.8461-2369374Knuteson, M., Nilvé, G., Mathiasson, L., Jonson, J.A., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 197Hogendoorn, E.A., Hoogerbrugge, R., Baumann, R.A., Meiring, H.D., De Jong, A.P.I.M., Van Zoonen, P., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 49Hartrík, S., Tekel, J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 217Dean, J.R., Wade, G., Barnabas, I.J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 295Aguilar, C., Borrull, F., Marcé, R.M., (1996) Chromatographia, 43, p. 592Rodolino, S., Giovinazzo, R., Mosconi, M., (1997) Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 38, p. 644Chiron, S., Martinez, E., Barceló, D., (1994) J. Chromatogr. a, 665, p. 283Tolosa, I., Readman, J.W., Mee, L.D., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 725, p. 93Aguilar, C., Borrull, F., Marcé, R.M., (1996) LC·GC, 14, p. 1048Hidalgo, C., Sancho, J.V., Hernández, F., (1997) Anal. Chim. Acta, 338, p. 223Balinova, A., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 125Junker-Buchneit, A., Witzenbacher, M., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 737, p. 67Liska, I., Slobodník, J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 235Gokmen, V., Acar, J., (1996) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 19, p. 1917Kim, H.S., Lee, S.K., Lee, D.W., (1997) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 20, p. 871Orinák, A., Holovská, K., Budínská, V., (1991) Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 339, p. 436Durand, G., Bouvot, V., Barceló, D., (1992) J. Chromatogr., 607, p. 319Chiron, S., Papilloud, S., Haerdi, W., Barceló, D., (1995) Anal. Chem., 67, p. 1637Kearney, P.C., Kaufman, D.D., (1969) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degradation and Mode of Action, 2nd Ed., , Marcel Dekker, New York(1974) Herbicide Handbook, 3rd Ed., , WSSA Herbicide Handbook Committee Weed Science Society of AmericaAlmeida, F.S., Rodrigues, B.N., (1988) Guias de Herbicidas, 2nd., , Livroceres, Londrina 603 ppCauson, R., (1997) J. Chromatogr. B, 689, p. 175Francotte, E., Davatz, A., Richert, R., (1996) J. Chromatogr. B, 686, p. 77Silva, G.M.F., Jardim, I.C.S.F., Seleção de Fase Móvel para Separação de Herbicidas, por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), em Amostras de Água (1998) 7th Latin-American Congress on Chromatography and Related Techniques, p. 202. , March Águas de São Pedrro, SP, Brazil, Abstr. P189(1997) Roteiro para Validação de Metodologia Analítica Visando a Determinação de Resíduos de Pesticidas, , Laboratório Vegetal do Ministério da Agricultura, GARP, ANDEF, versão

Evaluation Of Environmental Contamination By Persistent Organic Pollutants Utilizing Simulation Of Leach Processes [avaliação De Contaminação Ambiental Causada Por Poluentes Orgânicos Persistentes Utilizando Simulação Computacional]

Environmental concern is growing in the current days and there is global agreement to banish production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POP). The synthetic insecticides chlordecone and mirex, classified as POPs, have similar structures and they are potentially toxic. This work uses properties and physicochemical constants related to the pesticides and computational simulation to evaluate the leach phenomenon and persistency in soil. The largest tendency of persistence of the compound is found to be in the surface of soil, but even low concentration in water represents a high risk due to bioaccumulation in adipose tissue.303565568http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp66.html, acessada em Julho 2005http://www.lrrb.org, acessada em Agosto 2005Miyamoto, J., (1996) Pure Appl. Chem, 68, p. 1737http://www.epa.gov/ada/csmos/models/vlech.html, acessada em Junho 2005Manual VLEACH, A One-Dimensional Finite Difference Vadose Zone Leaching Model, Version 2.2a, 1997Booty, W.G., Resler, O., McCrimmon, C., (2005) Environ. Model. Software, 20, p. 671Tong, W., Hong, H., Fang, H., Xie, Q., Perkins, R., (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci, 43, p. 525Offenberg, J.H., Eisenreich, S.J., Chen, L.C., Cohen, M.D., Chee, G., Prophete, C., Weisel, C., Lioy, P.J., (2003) Environ. Sci. Technol, 37, p. 502Halfon, E., Allan, R.J., (1995) Environ. Int, 21, p. 557Halfon, E., (1986) Ecol. Model, 33, p. 13Halfon, E., (1984) Ecol. Model, 22, p. 213Meijer, S.N., Halsall, C.J., Harner, T., Peters, A.J., Ockenden, W.A., Johnston, A.E., Jones, K.C., (1989) Environ. Sci. Technol, 2001, p. 35Fisk, A.T., Hobson, K., Norstrom, R.J., (2001) Environ. Sci. Technol, 35, p. 732Tao, S., Xu, F.L., Wang, X.J., Liu, W.X., Gong, Z.M., Fang, J.Y., Zhu, L.Z., Luo, A.M., (2005) Environ. Sci. Technol, 39, p. 2494Makarewicz, J., Damaske, E., Lewis, T., Merner, M., (2003) Environ. Sci. Technol, 37, p. 1521Meijer, S., Harner, T., Helm, P.A., Halsall, C., Johnston, A.E., Jones, A.C., (2001) Environ. Sci. Technol, 35, p. 4205Fang, H., Tong, W., Branham, W.S., Moland, C.L., Dial, S.L., Hong, H., Xie, Q., Sheehan, D.M., (2003) Chem. Res. Toxicol, 16, p. 1338Rayne, S., Ikonomou, M.G., (2003) Anal. Chem, 75, p. 1049Wania, F., Duan Lei, Y., Harner, T., (2002) Anal. Chem, 74, p. 3476Roncaglioni, A., Novic¡, M., Vrac¡ko, M., Benfenati, E., (2004) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci, 44, p. 300Meijer, S.N., Shoeib, M., Jantunen, L.M.M., Jones, K.C., Harner, T., (2003) Environ. Sci. Technol, 37, p. 1292Shoeib, M., Harner, T., (2002) Environ. Sci. Technol, 36, p. 4142Shen, L., Wania, F., (2005) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 50, p. 742Richardson, S.D., Ternes, T.A., (2005) Anal. Chem, 77, p. 3807Huuskonen, J., (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci, 43, p. 1457van Lipzig, M.M.H., ter Laak, A.M., Jongejan, A., Vermeulen, N.P.E., Wamelink, M., Geerke, D., Meerman, J.H.N., (2004) J. Med. Chem, 47, p. 1018Fang, H., Tong, W., Shi, L.M., Blair, R., Perkins, R., Branham, W., Hass, B.S., Sheehan, D.M., (2001) Chem. Res. Toxicol, 14, p. 28

Liquid-liquid Equilibria Of The Ternary System Water + Acrylic Acid + 4-methyl-2-pentanone At 298.15 K

In this work, experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system water + acrylic acid + 4-methyl-2-pentanone were determined at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The experimental data were also compared with the values correlated by the NRTL and UNIQUAC models. Good quantitative agreement was obtained with these models. In general, the average deviations from the NRTL model are slightly greater than those from the UNIQUAC model. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was confirmed by using the Othmer-Tobias correlation. Distribution coefficients and selectivity were evaluated for the immiscibility region. © 2008 American Chemical Society.533659662Danner, H., Urmos, M., Gartner, M., Braun, R., Biotechnological production of acrylic acid from biomass (1998) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, 70, pp. 887-894Varadarajan, S., Miller, D.J., Catalytic upgrading of fermentation-derived organic acids (1999) Biotechnol. Prog, 15, pp. 845-854Jansens, P.J., (1994) Fractional Melt Crystallization of Organic Compounds, , Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University Delft, The NetherlandsKirk, R.E., Othmer, D.F., (1992) Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, , 4th ed, Wiley-Interscience: New YorkArce, A., Blanco, A., Souza, P., Vidal, I., Liquid-liquid equilibria of the ternary mixtures water + propanoic acid + methyl ethyl ketone and water + propanoic acid + methyl propyl ketone (1995) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, pp. 225-229Dramur, U., Tatli, B., Liquid-liquid equilibria of water + acetic acid + phthalic esters (dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate) ternaries (1993) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 38, pp. 23-25Kirbasülar, S.I., Süahin, S., Bilgin, M., Liquid-liquid equilibria of (water + acetic acid + diethyl succinate or diethyl glutarate or diethyl adipate) ternary systems (2007) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 52, pp. 1108-1112Wang, L., Cheng, Y., Xiao, X., Li, X., Liquid-liquid equilibria for the ternary systems acetic acid + water + butyl acetate and acetic acid + water + 2-methyl propyl acetate at 304.15 K, 332.15K, and 366.15 K (2007) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 52, pp. 1255-1257Xiao, X., Wang, L., Ding, G., Xi, L., Liquid-liquid equilibria for the ternary system water + acetic acid + propyl acetate (2006) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51, pp. 582-583Malmary, G., Faizal, M., Albet, J., Molinier, J., Liquid-liquid equilibria of acetic, formic, and oxalic acids between water and tributyl phosphate + dodecane (1997) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, pp. 985-987Frere, F.J., Ternary system diisopropyl ether-isopropyl alcohol-water at 25°C (1949) Ind. Eng. Chem, 41, pp. 2365-2367Colombo, A., Battilana, P., Ragaini, V., Bianchi, C.L., Carvoli, G., Liquid-liquid equilibria of the ternary systems water + acetic acid + ethyl acetate and water + acetic acid + isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1- one) (1999) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 44, pp. 35-39Aljimaz, A.S., Fandary, M.S.H., Alkandary, J.A., Fahim, M.A., Liquid-liquid equilibria of the ternary system water + acetic acid + 1-heptanol (2000) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, pp. 301-303Ashour, I.Abu-Eishah, S. I. Liquid-liquid equilibria for cyclohexane + ethylbenzene + sulfolane at (303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2006, 51, 859-863Atik, Z., Chaou, M., Solubilities and phase equilibria for ternary solutions of r,r,r-trifluorotoluene, water, and 2-propanol at three temperatures and pressure of 101.2 kPa (2007) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 52, pp. 932-935Lin, W.C., Yang, C.H., Pan, T.C., Tsao, C.W., Liquid-liquid equilibria of alkane (C10-C14) + hexylbenzene + sulfolane (2007) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 52, pp. 1060-1064Resa, J.M., Goenaga, J.M., Iglesias, M., Gonzalez-Olmos, R., Pozuelo, D., Liquid-liquid equilibrium diagrams of ethanol + water +(ethyl acetate or 1-pentanol) at several temperatures (2006) J. Chem. Eng. 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Chem, 34, pp. 693-696Brandani, V., Ross, M., Ternary liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the water-ethanol-benzene system (1985) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 30, pp. 27-29Engineering Suite Aspen Plus.Version 2004.1, Aspen Technology Inc, 200

Production Of Monoglycerides And Diglycerides Through Lipase-catalyzed Glycerolysis And Molecular Distillation [produção De Monoacilgliceróis E Diacilgliceróis Via Glicerólise Enzimática E Destilação Molecular]

Monoacilglycerides and diacilglycerides are produced through lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of soybean oil using Candida antárctica B in a solvent-free system. The reaction was carried out at a glycerol to triacylglycerol molar ratio of 8:1 with 2% of lipase. Acylglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol produced were separated employing the molecular distillation process. Starting from a product of enzymatic reaction 25.06% of triacylglycerols, 46.63% of diacylglycerides, 21.72% of monoacylglycerides, 5.38% of FFA and 1.21% of glycerol and after consecutively distillations, monoacylglycerides with 80% of purity was obtained and also oil with 54% of diacylglycerides to be used in human dietary.32615391543Meng, X., Zou, D., Shi, Z., Duan, Z., Mao, Z., (2006) Lipids, 39, p. 37Hickman, K.C.D., (1943) Chem. Rev., 34, p. 51Watanabe, H., Onizawa, K., Naito, S., Taguchi, H., Goto, N., Nagao, T., Matsuo, N., Itakura, H., (2001) Ann. Nutr. Metab., 45, p. 264Maki, C.K., Davidson, M., Tsushima, R., Matsuo, N., Tokimitsu, I., Umporowicz, D.N., Dicklin, M.R., Bell, M., (2002) Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76, p. 1230Yasunaga, K., Glinsmann, W.H., Seo, Y., Katsuragi, Y., Kobayashi, S., Flickinger, B., Kennepohl, E., Borzelleca, J., (2004) Food Chem. Toxicol., 42, p. 1419Shimizu, M., Moriwaki, J., Nishide, T., Nakajima, Y., (2004) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 81, p. 571Yamamoto, K., Takeshita, M., Tokimitsu, I., Watanabe, H., Mizuno, T., Asakawa, H., Tokunaga, K., Yagi, N., (2006) Nutrition, 22, p. 23Li, D., Xu, T., Takase, H., Tokimitsu, I., Zhang, P., Wang, Q., Yu, X., Zhang, A., (2008) Clinical Nutrition, 27, p. 203Sonntag, N.O.V., (1982) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 59, p. 795Ferreira-Dias, S., Correia, A.C., Baptista, F.O., Fonseca, M.M.R., (2001) J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym., 11, p. 699Guo, Z., Xu, X., (2006) Green Chem., 8, p. 54Micov, M., Lutisan, J., Cvengros, J., (1997) Sep. Sci. Technol., 32, p. 3051Batistella, C.B., Maciel, M.R.W., (1996) Comput. Chem. Eng., 20, p. 19Fregolente, L.V., Batistella, C.B., Maciel, R., Wolf-Maciel, M.R., (2005) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 82, p. 673Batistella, C.B., Moraes, E.B., Maciel Filho, R., Maciel, M.R.W., (2002) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 98, p. 1149Moraes, E.B., Batistella, C.B., Alvarez, M.E.T., Maciel Filho, R., Maciel, M.R.W., (2004) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 113, p. 689Breivik, H., Haraldsson, G.G., Kristinsson, B., (1997) J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, p. 1425Kwon, S.J., Han, J.J., Rhee, J.S., (1995) Enzyme Microb. Technol., 17, p. 700Fregolente, P.B.L., Fregolente, L.V., Pinto, G.M.F., Batistella, C.B., Wolf-Maciel, M.R., Maciel Filho, R., (2008) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 146, p. 165Schoenfelder, W., (2003) Eur. J. Lip. Sei. Technol., 105, p. 4

Morfologia e anatomia foliar de Bauhinia curvulha Benth. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)

Foi realizado o estudo morfológico e anatômico da folha de Bauhinia cumula Benth., espécie de cerrado. As observações foram feitas em folhas adultas, tratadas segundo a metodologia usual utilizada em anatomia vegetal. Foi observado que a espécie apresenta as seguintes características: folhas bilobadas cuja incisão foliar chega próximo à região motora; um par de estipulas membranáceas; um par de nectários extraflorais, localizadaos na base do pulvino proximal; a venação possui padrão acródomo; o pecíolo, que possui dois pulvinos, um proximal e um distai, apresenta epiderme contendo grande quantidade de tricomas tecto res simples e glândulas; a lâmina foliar é anfiestomática com predomínio de estômatos dos tipos anomocítico e paracítico; a epiderme adaxial é monoestratificada, subpapilosa, desprovida de tricomas tectores simples e glândulas; a epiderme abaxial é subpapilosa, apresentando numerosos tricomas tectores simples e glândulas; e o mesofilo é formado predominantemente por parênquima paliçádico.<br>A morphological and anatomical study of Bauhinia curvula Benth. leaf, a cerrado spe-cies, was perfomed. The observations, in grown up leaves, prepared according to the costumary methodology used in plant anatomy, showed the following characteristics of the species: bilobed leaves with foliar incision close to the motor region; one pair of membranaceous stipules; one pair of extrafloral nectaries located on the basis of the proximal pulvinus; acrodromous patterns of leaf venetion; the petiole, which has two pulvinus, one proximal and one distal, has an epidermis containing large quantities of simple tector trichomes and glands; the leaf blade, amphiestomatic, with predominance of anomocytic and paracytic stomata; the adaxial epidermis uniserial, sub papillose, without tector trichomes and glands; the abaxial epiderms, sub-papillose, presents a high number of simple trichomes and glands; and the mesophyll with a basic composition of palisadic parenchyma