Resistance verification in Prunus selections to a mixture of thirteen Meloidogyne isolates and resistance mechanisms of a peach-almond hybrid to M. javanica

Treize isolats de #Meloidogyne originaires d'Espagne comprenant #M. incognita (six), #M. arenaria (six) et #M. javanica (trois) ont été utilisés pour vérifier le niveau de résistance de douze porte-greffe de #Prunus. La majorité de ces porte-greffe était constituée d'hybrides pêcher-amandier en cours de sélection. Lors d'un premier essai, les hybrides G X N Nos 3, 7, 14, 16 et Cachirulo, l'amandier D-3-5 et le pêcher Nemared ont montré différents niveaux de résistance à un mélange de douze isolats de #Meloidogyne. Le cv. Garrigues s'est révélé sensible. Un second essai a montré que les hybrides G X N Nos 2, 9 et le cv. Nemaguard sont hautement résistants à dix isolats de #Meloidogyne, encore que les amandiers D-3-5 et Moncayo, le pêcher GF-305 et l'hybride GF-677 se soient révélés sensibles. La pénétration des nématodes, ainsi que des bio-essais concernant le développement, ont indiqué qu'une réaction d'hypersensibilité est impliquée dans le mécanisme de résistance de G X N No 9 infesté par #M. javanica. Le nématode induit une réaction nécrotique dans le parenchyme cortical l'entourant, isolant ainsi le tissu mort par une barrière compacte formée de plusieurs couches de cellules dont les parois contiennent de la callose. Dans la descendance (F2) d'une population de plants de G X N, 92 % de ces derniers se sont montrés résistants. (Résumé d'auteur

Growth and nutritional response of Nemared peach rootstock infected with Pratylenchus vulnus and the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae

Les effets de l'interaction entre #Pratylenchus vulnus et le champignon mycorrhizien #Glomus mosseae sur les porte-greffe de pêcher "Nemared" ont été étudiés en microparcelles pendant deux saisons de croissance. Le poids frais des pieds, le diamètre de la tige, la longueur des pieds et le poids frais des racines sont significativement plus faibles chez les pieds infestés par le nématode - qu'ils soient ou non colonisés par #G. mosseae$- que chez les pieds non infestés. Un taux élevé de phosphore augmente la croissance des pêchers dans le cas de témoins non mycorrhizés. Les traitements des pieds infestés par "P. vulnus$ à l'aide de mycorrhizes provoquent une diminution de la population finale du nématode et du nombre de nématodes par gramme de racine par rapport aux pieds infestés par #P. vulnus et non traités à l'aide du champignon. La colonisation par les mycorrhizes n'est pas affectée par la présence du nématode. Chez les pieds infestés par le nématode, le Cu est le seul élément déficitaire détecté par analyse foliaire, quoique des taux faibles de fer y aient été observés. Les taux les plus élevés de Ma, Mg, Mn et Zn ont été détectés chez les pieds infestés par #P. vulnus. Les pieds mycorrhizés recèlent les taux les plus élevés de Cu et d'Al. #G. mosseae est bénéfique pour la croissance des pêchers "Nemared" mais ne leur confère aucune protection contre #P. vulnus. (Résumé d'auteur

Representaciones de Educación para la Ciudadanía en el profesorado en Formación de primaria

Durante las últimas décadas, la Educación ciudadana en Chile ha cobrado una especial relevancia. Esto ha quedado evidenciado a partir de la explicitación de su abordaje por medio del currículo (MINEDUC, 2012; MINEDUC, 2015; MINEDUC, 2018; MINEDUC 2019), el establecimiento de la Ley 20.911 que crea el Plan de Formación Ciudadana (MINEDUC, 2016; MINEDUC 2018 A), y de la incorporación de este ámbito en los nuevos Estándares para el desarrollo profesional docente: Marco para la Buena Enseñanza (CPEIP, 2021). Debido a este contexto, a través de la siguiente investigación nos interesa indagar en cómo una carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Primaria del Norte de Chile ha abordado la enseñanza de la Educación Ciudadana desde el punto de vista disciplinar y didáctico, y cómo este abordaje influye en las representaciones sociales que el profesorado en formación construye sobre su rol y el de la escuela en el desarrollo de competencias ciudadanas del estudiantado. La investigación se sitúa desde una perspectiva cualitativa (Ñaupas, et al, 2018), y utiliza el estudio de caso para abordar sus objetivos. Los resultados preliminares evidencian que el enfoque utilizado por la carrera ha tensionado el desarrollo de una ciudadanía con pertinencia territorial, que considera clave asumir un compromiso activo con la protección del entorno natural, social y cultural. A su vez, asignan una gran relevancia a la escuela en este proceso de generación de ciudadanía, pero reconocen tensiones en las prácticas cotidianas de esta para la promoción de una cultura democrática

Effects of varying the intensity of the primary tones on the amplitudes of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEdp) in patients with normal hearing

Indexación: Web of Science; ScieloIntroducción: Las emisiones otoacústicas (EOA) son sonidos generados por las células ciliadas externas (CCE). Se ha visto que la generación y registro de las EOA evocadas depende de factores técnicos de evaluación como el nivel de intensidad de los tonos primarios, relación frecuencial entre los tonos, etc. Objetivos: Estudiar el efecto de la variación de la intensidad de los tonos primarios en la amplitud de la respuesta de las EOA producto de distorsión (pd) en individuos con audición normal. Material y método: Se evaluaron 35 individuos a los cuales se les midieron EOApd utilizando diferentes intensidades de tonos primarios: Intensidad baja (I1=50dBSPL e I2=50dBSPL), intensidad media (I1=55dBSPL e I2=65dBSPL) e intensidad alta (I1=70dBSPL e I2=70dBSPL). Resultados: Se observó que para tonos primarios a bajas intensidades (I1=50dBSPL e I2=50dBSPL) existe una disminución tanto en amplitud y presencia de las EOApd, mientras que para tonos primarios a intensidades mayores (I1=55dBSPL e I2=65dBSPL - I1=70dBSPL e I2=70dBSPL) se evidenció un aumento en amplitud y presencia de EOApd en los sujetos estudiados. Conclusión: Se evidencian diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la amplitud de las EOApd al variar la intensidad de los tonos primarios. Por lo cual se puede establecer que las intensidades medias-altas son las más adecuadas para la evaluación de EOApd en sujetos con audición normal.Introduction: Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) are sounds produced by outer hair cells. The generation and recording of evoked OAE depends on technical factors such as level of intensity of primary tones, frequency relationship between the tones, etc. Aim: To study the effect of varying the intensity of primary tones in the amplitude of the response of Distortion Product OAE (DP) in individuals with normal hearing. Material and method: 35 individuals were measured using different intensities OAEdp primary tones: Low Intensity (I1= I2 =50dBSPL 50dBSPL e), Medium Intensity (11= I2 =65dBSPL 55dBSPL e) and High Intensity (I1 =70dBSPL and I2 =70dBSPL). Results: Using Low primary tones (I1 =I2 =50dBSPL 50dBSPL) there is a decrease in amplitude and presence of DPOAE, while for primary tones at higher intensities (I1 and I2 = = 55dBSPL 65dBSPL -11 =70dBSPL and I2 =70dBSPL) an increase in amplitude and presence of OAEdp in subjects with normal hearing was observed . Conclusion: There are statistically significant differences in OAEdp amplitude by varying the intensity of the primary tones. Therefore medium-high intensities are best suited for the evaluation of OAEdp in subjects with normal hearing.http://ref.scielo.org/36dbs

Prevalence of the sternalis muscle in Chilean population: A computed tomography study

The sternalis muscle is an anatomic variation that was first described in 1604. It has been studied in different populations worldwide, showing a widespread prevalence. The clinical importance of this muscle depends on mammographic evaluation that can lead to an erroneous diagnosis of breast cancer. Our objective is to determine the prevalence of sternalis muscle in Chilean population, characterizing it by gender and side of presentation using computerized tomography. To our current knowledge, there are no studies determining its prevalence using this method. No institutional review board approval was required for this analysis, which involved data made anonymous from men and women who underwent computerized tomography imaging for diagnostic purpose between January 2012 and February 2014. A retrospective radiological identification of the sternalis muscle was performed in 2288 axial computerized tomographies to determine the overall gender and side distribution. Data were analyzed using chi-square test. The sternalis muscle was present in 20 out of 2288 computerized tomographies, and its prevalence in the Chilean population was 0.87%. This muscle was found in male (12/1064, 1.12%) and female subjects (8/1224, 0.65%), no statistical difference between genders was found. Among people with the sternalis muscle, 12 (0.52%) presented it on the left side, 6 (0.26%) on the right side, and only 2 (0.09%) had bilateral sternalis muscle. The Chilean population has the lowest prevalence of sternalis muscle ever reported

The SECURE project – Stem canker of oilseed rape: : molecular methods and mathematical modelling to deploy durable resistance

N Evans et al, "The SECURE Project - Stem Canker of oilseed rape: Molecular methods and mathematical modeling to deploy durable resistance", in Vol 4 of the Proceedings of the 12th International Rapeseed Congress : Sustainable Development in Cruciferous Oilseed Crops Production, Wuhan, China, March 26 - 30, 2007. The proceedings are available online at: http://gcirc.org/intranet/irc-proceedings/12th-irc-wuhan-china-2007-vol-4.htmlModelling done during the SECURE project has demonstrated the dynamic nature of the interaction between phoma stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans), the oilseed rape host (Brassica napus) and the environment. Experiments done with near-isogenic lines of L. maculans to investigate pathogen fitness support field data that suggest a positive effect of the avirulence allele AvrLm4 on pathogen fitness, and that the loss of this allele renders isolates less competitive under field conditions on cultivars without the resistance gene Rlm4. The highlight of molecular work was the cloning of AvrLm1 and AvrLm6. L. maculans is now one of the few fungal species for which two avirulence loci have been cloned. Subsequent research focused on understanding the function of AvrLm1 and AvrLm6 and on the analysis of sequences of virulent isolates to understand molecular evolution towards virulence. Isolates of L. maculans transformed with GFP and/or DsRed were used to follow growth of the fungus in B. napus near-isogenic-lines (NIL) with or without MX (Rlm6) resistance under different temperature and wetness conditions. The results greatly enhanced our knowledge of the infection process and the rate and extent of in planta growth on different cultivars. Conclusions from work to model durability of resistance have been tested under field conditions through a series of experiments to compare durability of resistance conferred by the major resistance gene Rlm6 alone in a susceptible background (EurolMX) or in a resistant background (DarmorMX) under recurrent selection over 4 growing seasons. A major priority of the project was knowledge transfer of results and recommendations to target audiences such as plant breeding companies and extension services. CETIOM developed a “diversification scheme” that encourages French growers to make an informed choice about the cultivars that are grown within the rotation based on the resistance genes carried by the individual cultivars. Use of such schemes, in association with survey data on the population structure of L. maculans at both national and European scales will provide opportunities for breeders and the industry to manage available B. napus resistance more effectively.Non peer reviewe

Tales of migration from the global south. The civilized and uncivilized migrant in the narratives of La Tercera and El Mercurio

Migration is not a new phenomenon in Chile as the country has long seen migrants coming from Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Colonial views about race and ethnicity adopted by Latin Americans as part of their class structure (Quijano 2000) established an early differentiation between the “civilized migrant” and the “uncivilized migrant” among groups that arrived on Latin America shores. Chilean news media has echoes of this binary vision between the “civilized = good” migrant and the “uncivilized = bad” migrant. The chapter aims to uncover the narratives of the civilized and uncivilized migrant within the printed news media, particularly in the two major newspapers El Mercurio and La Tercera, by focusing on how these ideas frame the way in which they cover migration.Published versio