Tendências globais e o futuro da defesa e promoção dos direitos humanos

Edição trilíngue: português, espanhol e inglês.Título em espanhol: Tendencias globales y el futuro de la defensa y promoción de los derechos humanosTítulo em inglês: Global trends and the future of human rights advocac

Novas potências, novas estratégias? Diplomacia em direitos humanos no século XXI

Publicado em português, espanhol e inglês.Título em inglês: New powers, new approaches? Human rights diplomacy in the 21st centuryTítulo em espanhol: ¿Nuevas potencias, nuevos enfoques? Diplomacia en materia de derechos humanos en el siglo XX

"Attorney-General of Canada v. Ward"

The decision of the Federal Court of Appeal in the Ward case raises numerous issues of fundamental importance in the determination of claims to refugee status. It is widely perceived that the majority decision represents a narrow and restrictive interpretation of key provisions in the Convention refugee definition as incorporated in Canadian law. The following discussion is intended to provide a commentary on Ward, and, to provide a framework within which the issues raised in the case can be understood

A computational model of 1,5‐AG dynamics during pregnancy

Abstract The importance of 1,5‐anhydroglucitol (1,5‐AG) as an intermediate biomarker for diabetic pregnancy is multi‐fold: (1) it serves as a reliable indicator of moderate‐level glycemic control, especially during early gestation; (2) it has been associated with increased risk of diabetes, independent of HbA1c and fasting glucose; and (3) it is an independent risk factor for the development of eclampsia during pregnancy. However, the clinical use of this biomarker during pregnancy has been underutilized due to physiological changes in glomerular filtration rate, plasma volume, and other hemodynamic parameters which have been hypothesized to bias gestational serum 1,5‐AG concentrations. Here, we develop an in‐silico model of gestational 1,5‐AG by combining pre‐existing physiological data in the literature with a two‐compartment mathematical model, building off of a previous kinetic model described by Stickle and Turk (1997) Am. J. Physiol., 273, E821. Our model quantitatively characterizes how renal and hemodynamic factors impact measured 1,5‐AG during normal pregnancy and during pregnancy with gestational diabetes and diabetes mellitus. During both normal and diabetic pregnancy, we find that a simple two‐compartment model of 1,5‐AG kinetics, with all parameters but reabsorption fraction adjusted for time in pregnancy, efficiently models 1,5‐AG kinetics throughout the first two trimesters. Allowing reabsorption fraction to decrease after 25 weeks permits parameters closer to expected physiological values during the last trimester. Our quantitative model of 1,5‐AG confirms the involvement of hypothesized renal and hemodynamic mechanisms during pregnancy, clarifying the expected trends in 1,5‐AG to aid clinical interpretation. Further research and data may elucidate biological changes during the third trimester that account for the drop in 1,5‐AG concentrations, and clarify physiological differences between diabetes subtypes during pregnancy