Co-current Filtrate Flow in Tff Perfusion Processes: Decoupling Transmembrane Pressure from Crossflow to Improve Product Sieving

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Une participation éprouvante (enquêtes sur l'autogestion, le management participatif, la participation citoyenne et l'empowerment)

Dans cette thèse, nous enquêtons sur des situations participatives plurielles : d un dispositif de participation citoyenne classique jusqu aux modalités actuelles de l empowerment californien, en passant par une longue expérience autogestionnaire et le management participatif inspiré du toyotisme. Alors que les sciences sociales contemporaines se contentent d investiguer la participation en la situant dans un espace public étriqué, nous proposons d ouvrir l enquête (ethnographique) non seulement à d autres espaces mais également à d autres modalités du prendre part. Cela nous permet de considérer les charges qui pèsent sur les participants. Nous décrivons et analysons également les capacités attendues des participants pour ensuite nous engager dans une exploration de ce qui les meut. Celle-ci nous conduit à mettre en exergue le déni de la vulnérabilité qui frappe l anthropologie capacitaire sous-jacente aux approches classiques. Nous portons aussi attention aux dispositifs d enregistrement des épreuves de la participation pour montrer qu ils peuvent parfois ouvrir à la révision de la dynamique participative. Au final, nous mettons en exergue deux grands ensembles de conditions de la participation : d une part des contraintes de format (liées au fait que la participation ne consiste pas seulement à être ensemble mais exige de préciser certaines modalités de mise en commun) et d autre part les contraintes inhérentes aux conditions de réalisation de la participation (en tant qu elle est toujours participation à quelque chose).In this dissertation, we investigate a plurality of participatory situations : from a classic instance of civic participation to the contemporary forms of empowerment in California, via a long immersion in self-management and Toyota Production System (TPS)-inspired participatory management. Whereas contemporary social sciences only question participation within the narrow limits of the public sphere, we offer to open up (ethnographic) investigations to other spaces as well as to other forms of part-taking. This allows us to take into account the burden laid on participants. We also describe and analyze capacities expected from participants and then engage in the exploration of what moves them. This leads us to calling attention to the denial of vulnerability affecting the anthropology of capability inherent to classic approaches. We also focus on recording equipments in participation tests, and show they can occasionally lead to a revision of participatory dynamics. Finally, we highlight two necessary conditions of participation : on the one hand format constraints (participation is not just about being together but also requires the specification of commonizing), and on the other hand constraints inherent to its realization (since participation always is participation to something).PARIS3-BU (751052102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Positive versus negative incentives for loan repayment in microfinance: A game theory approach

In most of the methodologies used so far by microfinance institutions, negative incentives are predominant, which can contrast with these institutions’ social mission. This paper investigates whether the microfinance industry could benefit from using more positive incentives. The main results of our game model are twofold. First, (positive or negative) incentives increase “on‐time” repayments. Second, the client is more likely to repay her loan with the encouragement of a bonus scheme rather than under the pressure of a sanction, regardless of the amount. This paper therefore argues for the increased use of positive incentives in the industry

Positive incentives in Microfinance: A game theory approach

Positive incentives in Microfinance: A game theory approac

Co‐current filtrate flow in TFF perfusion processes. Decoupling transmembrane pressure from crossflow to improve product sieving

Hollow fiber‐based membrane filtration has emerged as the dominant technology for cell retention in perfusion processes yet significant challenges in alleviating filter fouling remain unsolved. In this work, the benefits of co‐current filtrate flow applied to a tangential flow filtration (TFF) module to reduce or even completely remove Starling recirculation caused by the axial pressure drop within the module was studied by pressure characterization experiments and perfusion cell culture runs. Additionally, a novel concept to achieve alternating Starling flow within unidirectional TFF was investigated. Pressure profiles demonstrated that precise flow control can be achieved with both lab‐scale and manufacturing‐scale filters. TFF systems with co‐current flow showed up to 40% higher product sieving compared to standard TFF. The decoupling of transmembrane pressure from crossflow velocity and filter characteristics in co‐current TFF alleviates common challenges for hollow fiber‐based systems such as limited crossflow rates and relatively short filter module lengths, both of which are currently used to avoid extensive pressure drop along the filtration module. Therefore, co‐current filtrate flow in unidirectional TFF systems represents an interesting and scalable alternative to standard TFF or alternating TFF operation with additional possibilities to control Starling recirculation flow

Social Enterprise in Belgium: A Diversity of Roots, Models and Fields

This working paper is structured as follows. The first section reviews the main historical roots that have led to the emergence of a diversity of models related to social enterprise and the social economy in Belgium. Next, the second section sketches the main features of these models in terms of legal forms, types of social missions addressed, governance dynamics and resources. In the third section, these models are then illustrated in different fields of activity, both established and emerging. Finally, the fourth section proposes a transversal analysis of the main trends and challenges that the different models face in terms of development and coexistence