41,079 research outputs found
Simulation of Transport and Gain in Quantum Cascade Lasers
Quantum cascade lasers can be modeled within a hierarchy of different
approaches: Standard rate equations for the electron densities in the levels,
semiclassical Boltzmann equation for the microscopic distribution functions,
and quantum kinetics including the coherent evolution between the states. Here
we present a quantum transport approach based on nonequilibrium Green
functions. This allows for quantitative simulations of the transport and
optical gain of the device. The division of the current density in two terms
shows that semiclassical transitions are likely to dominate the transport for
the prototype device of Sirtori et al. but not for a recent THz-laser with only
a few layers per period. The many particle effects are extremely dependent on
the design of the heterostructure, and for the case considered here, inclusion
of electron-electron interaction at the Hartree Fock level, provides a sizable
change in absorption but imparts only a minor shift of the gain peak.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures included, to appear in in "Advances in Solid
State Physics", ed. by B. Kramer (Springer 2003
Quantized fields and gravitational particle creation in f(R) expanding universes
The problem of cosmological particle creation for a spatially flat,
homogeneous and isotropic Universes is discussed in the context of f(R)
theories of gravity. Different from cosmological models based on general
relativity theory, it is found that a conformal invariant metric does not
forbid the creation of massless particles during the early stages (radiation
era) of the Universe.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figure
Phantom Accretion by Black Holes and the Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics
The accretion of a phantom fluid with non-zero chemical potential by black
holes is discussed with basis on the Generalized Second Law of thermodynamics.
For phantom fluids with positive temperature and negative chemical potential we
demonstrate that the accretion process is possible, and that the condition
guaranteeing the positiveness of the phantom fluid entropy coincides with the
one required by Generalized Second Law. In particular, this result provides a
complementary confirmation that cosmological phantom fluids do not need to have
negative temperatures
A computationally efficient method for calculating the maximum conductance of disordered networks: Application to 1-dimensional conductors
Random networks of carbon nanotubes and metallic nanowires have shown to be
very useful in the production of transparent, conducting films. The electronic
transport on the film depends considerably on the network properties, and on
the inter-wire coupling. Here we present a simple, computationally efficient
method for the calculation of conductance on random nanostructured networks.
The method is implemented on metallic nanowire networks, which are described
within a single-orbital tight binding Hamiltonian, and the conductance is
calculated with the Kubo formula. We show how the network conductance depends
on the average number of connections per wire, and on the number of wires
connected to the electrodes. We also show the effect of the inter-/intra-wire
hopping ratio on the conductance through the network. Furthermore, we argue
that this type of calculation is easily extendable to account for the upper
conductivity of realistic films spanned by tunneling networks. When compared to
experimental measurements, this quantity provides a clear indication of how
much room is available for improving the film conductivity.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Upper bound for the conductivity of nanotube networks
Films composed of nanotube networks have their conductivities regulated by
the junction resistances formed between tubes. Conductivity values are enhanced
by lower junction resistances but should reach a maximum that is limited by the
network morphology. By considering ideal ballistic-like contacts between
nanotubes we use the Kubo formalism to calculate the upper bound for the
conductivity of such films and show how it depends on the nanotube
concentration as well as on their aspect ratio. Highest measured conductivities
reported so far are approaching this limiting value, suggesting that further
progress lies with nanowires other than nanotubes.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure. Minor changes. Accepted for publication in Applied
Physics Letter
Third edge for a graphene nanoribbon: A tight-binding model calculation
The electronic and transport properties of an extended linear defect embedded
in a zigzag nanoribbon of realistic width are studied, within a tight binding
model approach. Our results suggest that such defect profoundly modify the
properties of the nanoribbon, introducing new conductance quantization values
and modifying the conductance quantization thresholds. The linear defect along
the nanoribbon behaves as an effective third edge of the system, which shows a
metallic behavior, giving rise to new conduction pathways that could be used in
nanoscale circuitry as a quantum wire.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures. Two new figures and a few references adde
Equivalence between the Lovelock-Cartan action and a constrained gauge theory
We show that the four-dimensional Lovelock-Cartan action can be derived from
a massless gauge theory for the group with an additional BRST trivial
part. The model is originally composed by a topological sector and a BRST exact
piece and has no explicit dependence on the metric, the vierbein or a mass
parameter. The vierbein is introduced together with a mass parameter through
some BRST trivial constraints. The effect of the constraints is to identify the
vierbein with some of the additional fields, transforming the original action
into the Lovelock-Cartan one. In this scenario, the mass parameter is
identified with Newton's constant while the gauge field is identified with the
spin-connection. The symmetries of the model are also explored. Moreover, the
extension of the model to a quantum version is qualitatively discussed.Comment: 17 pages. No figures. Final version accepted for publication at the
EPJ
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