Sprouting of the rhizome of Kohleria sp

The Kohleria sp species belongs to the Gesneriaceae family and produce subterranean organs. This organ is a stem, and it is enclosed by modified leaves which protect their buds. These modified leaves present great amount of starch. Small section of this organ sproutted without necessity of the whole organ. Sections of this organ with six modified leaves were submitted to different treatments: temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ºC, in a condition with and without light and in reduced (1 mL) or high (12 mL) water level in the substract. The sprounting of the sections was influenced by these factors and rhizome sections presented very high resistence to drought since in this condition each section developed a new plant.O gênero Kohleria sp pertencente à família Gesneriaceae possui órgão subterrâneo. Este órgão é um caule envolto por folhas modificadas, imbricadas, as quais acumulam reservas e cada uma destas protege uma gema. Seções do rizoma brotam sem necessidade do órgão inteiro. Seções deste rizoma com seis folhas modificadas foram colocadas para brotar em placas de Petri e testadas quanto às temperaturas de 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35 ºC, na luz ou no escuro e ainda em relação aos teores de umidade do substrato, onde se adicionaram os volumes de 1, 12 e 20 mL de água destilada. Estes fatores influenciaram a brotação de seções do rizoma de Kohleria sp. As seções também se mostraram resistentes à falta de água, já que, nessa condição, apresentaram brotações e ainda as desenvolveram.455

Germination in developing seeds of Bixa orellana

Com este trabalho objetivou-se investigar a aquisição da capacidade germinativa e o estabelecimento da dormência em sementes em desenvolvimento de Bixa orellana L. (urucum). Foram caracterizados 7 estádios de desenvolvimento das sementes, baseados nas características morfológicas, massa fresca, massa seca e teor de umidade dos frutos e das sementes. Sementes imaturas de B. orellana não germinaram durante os estádios iniciais de seu desenvolvimento. As sementes adquiriram a capacidade germinativa máxima quando os níveis de umidade declinaram para valores em torno de 60%. Nessa fase, as sementes apresentaram acúmulo máximo de massa seca. A dormência foi estabelecida quando as sementes exibiam um conteúdo de água em torno de 10%.The objective of this work was to investigate the acquisition of germination capacity and the onset of dormancy in developing seeds of Bixa orellana L. (annatto). Seven stages of development were characterized with regard to morphology, fresh and dry mass and moisture content of the fruits and seeds. Immature seeds of B. orellana did not germinate during early stages of their development. The seeds achieved their maximum germination capacity after the moisture content had declined to around 60%. In this phase the seeds presented maximum dry mass. The onset of dormancy occurred when the seeds exhibited water contents around 10%

Formation of reserve substances during the development of annatto, Bixa orellana L. - Bixaceae, seeds

Annatto seeds do not germinate during early stages of their development because of insufficient reserve substances. In situ analysis showed that the principal reserves are proteins and starch, deposited in endosperm cells. During the early stages of development, the starch grains were elliptic, because amylose was the minor component. During development, these grains became more spherical due to an increase in amylose relative to amylopectin. Endosperm cells do not contain protein bodies, but they accumulate proteins dispersed in the cytoplasm. At the final stage of development the proteins became compacted due to the dehydration of the seeds wich is part of the global process of orthodox seeds maturation. Natural fluorescence revealed aromatic amino acids, principally tryptophan and tyrosine in the proteins. The seeds reached their maximum dry weight after moisture contents had declined to around 60%. At this point the seeds presented maximum germination capacity.As sementes de urucum não germinam durante os primeiros estádios de seu desenvolvimento devido em parte à insuficiência de materiais de reserva. A análise in situ do material de reserva das sementes revelou que ocorrem principalmente proteínas e amido nas células do endosperma. Durante os estádios iniciais do desenvolvimento, o formato dos grãos de amido mostrou-se elíptico, devido a menor quantidade de amilose. Durante o desenvolvimento, os grãos tornaram-se mais esféricos devido ao aumento de amilose em relação a amilopectina. As células do endosperma não possuem corpos protéicos, mas armazenam proteínas. Durante o desenvolvimento houve acúmulo de proteínas dispersas pelo citoplasma. No estádio final do desenvolvimento, as proteínas tornaram-se compactadas devido à desidratação das sementes, que faz parte do processo global de maturação de sementes ortodoxas. A utilização de fluorescência natural revelou a presença de aminoácidos aromáticos no conteúdo protéico, principalmente triptofano e tirosina. Nestas sementes o conteúdo de matéria seca alcançou o máximo quando a semente apresentou cerca de 60% de umidade. Nesta fase a semente apresentou capacidade germinativa máxima.12513

Formation of reserve substances during the development of annatto, Bixa orellana L. - Bixaceae, seeds

As sementes de urucum não germinam durante os primeiros estádios de seu desenvolvimento devido em parte à insuficiência de materiais de reserva. A análise in situ do material de reserva das sementes revelou que ocorrem principalmente proteínas e amido nas células do endosperma. Durante os estádios iniciais do desenvolvimento, o formato dos grãos de amido mostrou-se elíptico, devido a menor quantidade de amilose. Durante o desenvolvimento, os grãos tornaram-se mais esféricos devido ao aumento de amilose em relação a amilopectina. As células do endosperma não possuem corpos protéicos, mas armazenam proteínas. Durante o desenvolvimento houve acúmulo de proteínas dispersas pelo citoplasma. No estádio final do desenvolvimento, as proteínas tornaram-se compactadas devido à desidratação das sementes, que faz parte do processo global de maturação de sementes ortodoxas. A utilização de fluorescência natural revelou a presença de aminoácidos aromáticos no conteúdo protéico, principalmente triptofano e tirosina. Nestas sementes o conteúdo de matéria seca alcançou o máximo quando a semente apresentou cerca de 60% de umidade. Nesta fase a semente apresentou capacidade germinativa máxima.Annatto seeds do not germinate during early stages of their development because of insufficient reserve substances. In situ analysis showed that the principal reserves are proteins and starch, deposited in endosperm cells. During the early stages of development, the starch grains were elliptic, because amylose was the minor component. During development, these grains became more spherical due to an increase in amylose relative to amylopectin. Endosperm cells do not contain protein bodies, but they accumulate proteins dispersed in the cytoplasm. At the final stage of development the proteins became compacted due to the dehydration of the seeds wich is part of the global process of orthodox seeds maturation. Natural fluorescence revealed aromatic amino acids, principally tryptophan and tyrosine in the proteins. The seeds reached their maximum dry weight after moisture contents had declined to around 60%. At this point the seeds presented maximum germination capacity

BCG Revaccination Does Not Protect Against Leprosy in the Brazilian Amazon: A Cluster Randomised Trial

BCG is a vaccine developed and used to protect against tuberculosis, but it can also protect against leprosy. In Brazil, children receive BCG at birth, and since 1996 a trial has been conducted to find out if a second dose of BCG administered to schoolchildren gives additional protection against tuberculosis. We use this trial to find out if such vaccination protects against leprosy. The trial was conducted in the Brazilian Amazon, involving almost 100,000 children aged 7–14 years who had received neonatal BCG. Half of them received a second dose of BCG at school, and the other half did not. We followed the children for 6 years and observed that there were as many new cases of leprosy in the vaccinated children as in the unvaccinated children. Therefore, we concluded that a second dose of BCG given at school age in the Brazilian Amazon offers no additional protection against leprosy

Low prevalence of renal, cardiac, pulmonary, and neurological extra-articular clinical manifestations in spondyloarthritis: analysis of the Brazilian Registry of Spondyloarthritis

OBJECTIVE: To describe the extra-articular manifestations (cardiac, renal, pulmonary, and neurological), usually not related to spondyloarthritis (SpA), in a large cohort of Brazilian patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed 1,472 patients diagnosed with SpA and cared for at 29 health care centers distributed in the five major geographic regions in the country, participating in the Brazilian Registry of Spondyloarthritis (BRS). All patients were assessed for the prevalence of major extra-articular manifestations (cardiac, renal, pulmonary, and neurological), classified according to the diagnosis [ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), reactive arthritis (ReA), arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), undifferentiated spondyloarthritis (uSpA), and juvenile SpA], and according to the clinical presentation (axial, peripheral, mixed, and enthesitis). RESULTS: Of the patients with SpA assessed, 963 had AS, 271 PsA, 49 ReA, 48 arthritis associated with IBD, 98 uSpA, and 43 juvenile SpA. Cardiac involvement was reported in 44 patients (3.0%), pulmonary involvement in 19 (1.3%), renal involvement in 17 (1.2%), and neurological involvement in 13 patients (0.9%). Most patients with visceral involvement had AS or PsA, and the mixed (axial + peripheral) and/or predominantly axial clinical form. CONCLUSION: Cardiac, renal, pulmonary, and neurological extra-articular manifestations are quite infrequent in SpA, ranging from 0.9% to 3% in this large Brazilian cohort, and affected predominantly patients with AS and PsA.OBJETIVO: Descrever as manifestações extra-articulares (cardíacas, renais, pulmonares e neurológicas) geralmente não relacionadas às espondiloartrites (EpA) em uma grande coorte de pacientes brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Este estudo retrospectivo analisou 1.472 pacientes com o diagnóstico de EpA atendidos em 29 centros distribuídos pelas cinco principais regiões geográficas do Brasil, integrantes do Registro Brasileiro de Espondiloartrites. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados para a prevalência das principais manifestações extra-articulares (cardíacas, renais, pulmonares e neurológicas), divididas por diagnóstico [espondilite anquilosante (EA), artrite psoriásica (AP), artrite reativa (ARe), artrite associada a doença inflamatória intestinal (DII), EpA indiferenciada (EI) e EpA juvenil] e por forma clínica (axial, periférica, mista e entesítica). RESULTADOS: Dentre os pacientes avaliados com EpA, 963 apresentavam EA, 271 AP, 49 ARe, 48 artrite associada a DII, 98 EI e 43 EpA juvenil. Acometimento cardíaco foi observado em 44 pacientes (3,0%), seguido por acometimento pulmonar em 19 (1,3%), renal em 17 (1,2%) e neurológico em 13 pacientes (0,9%). A maioria dos casos de acometimento visceral ocorreu nos pacientes com EA ou AP e naqueles com forma clínica mista (axial e periférica) e/ou predominantemente axial. CONCLUSÃO: As manifestações extra-articulares cardíacas, renais, pulmonares e neurológicas são muito pouco frequentes nas EpA, variando de 0,9%-3% nesta grande coorte brasileira, estando mais associadas a EA e AP.37938

Antifungal activity of amphotericin B conjugated to nanosized magnetite in the treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis

This study reports on in vitro and in vivo tests that sought to assess the antifungal activity of a newly developed magnetic carrier system comprising amphotericin B loaded onto the surface of pre-coated (with a double-layer of lauric acid) magnetite nanoparticles. The in vitro tests compared two drugs; i.e., this newly developed form and free amphotericin B. We found that this nanocomplex exhibited antifungal activity without cytotoxicity to human urinary cells and with low cytotoxicity to peritoneal macrophages. We also evaluated the efficacy of the nanocomplex in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. BALB/c mice were intratracheally infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and treated with the compound for 30 or 60 days beginning the day after infection. The newly developed amphotericin B coupled with magnetic nanoparticles was effective against experimental paracoccidioidomycosis, and it did not induce clinical, biochemical or histopathological alterations. The nanocomplex also did not induce genotoxic effects in bone marrow cells. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that amphotericin B coupled to magnetic nanoparticles and stabilized with bilayer lauric acid is a promising nanotool for the treatment of the experimental paracoccidioidomycosis because it exhibited antifungal activity that was similar to that of free amphotericin B, did not induce adverse effects in therapeutic doses and allowed for a reduction in the number of applications