Simulium (Inaequalium) marins, a new species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from inselbergs in Brazil

A new species of black fly, Simulium (Inaequalium) marins (Diptera: Simuliidae), is described based on the male, female, pupa and larva. This new species was collected from two localities: a small stream on the Pico dos Marins, a high mountain with granite outcrops in Piquete County, state of São Paulo, and in a small stream in the Serra dos Órgãos National Park, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Distribution of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Entre os anos de 2004 e 2008 foram realizadas coletas de Simuliidae em várias localidades no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. No total, 66 córregos e rios das doze principais bacias hidrográficas do estado foram amostrados. Dezessete espécies foram coletadas, sendo que nove delas representam ocorrências novas para o estado (Simulium pertinax, S. jujuyense, S. rubrithorax, S. subnigrum, S. travassosi, S. spinibranchium, S. hirtipupa, S. lutzianum e S. anamariae), duplicando o número de espécies conhecidas no estado.We conducted a freshwater survey from 2004 to 2008 in several localities of Espírito Santo, Brazil. In total, 66 streams and rivers were sampled in the 12 hydrographic basins of the state. We collected and identified 17 species of which nine represent new records (Simulium pertinax, S. jujuyense, S. rubrithorax, S. subnigrum, S. travassosi, S. spinibranchium, S. hirtipupa, S. lutzianum e S. anamariae). These findings doubled the number of records of black fly species to the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Simulium (Chirostilbia) jefersoni Hamada & Hernandez & Luz & Pepinelli 2006, New Species

Simulium (Chirostilbia) jefersoni Hamada, Hernández, Luz & Pepinelli New Species (Figs. 1–45) Female (Figs. 1–17). General body color dark brown to black (specimens recovered from alcohol) (Figs. 1–4). Body length (specimens in alcohol) 2.6 –3.0 mm (n = 3); thorax lateral length 0.9 mm (n = 3). Wing length 1.3–1.8 mm (n = 3); wing width 0.7–0.8 mm (n = 3). Head dichoptic with dark red eyes and fronto­ocular triangle well developed (Fig. 8). Frons, clypeus, and occiput black, with silver pruinosity; clypeus and frons covered with dark, erect setae. Antennae with silver pubescence, 0.40–0.44 mm in length; scape and pedicel pale brown, remaining segments dark brown (Fig. 6). Maxillary palpus dark brown; sensory vesicle elongated occupying more than 1 / 3 length of palpomere III; palpomere V twice length of palpomere III and IV (Fig. 5). Mandible with 12 external serrations and 34–38 internal teeth. Lacinia with 25 or 26 retrorse teeth. Cibarium with well­developed, sclerotized cornuae, without teeth (Fig. 7). Thorax with scutum black covered by evenly arranged, recumbent, whitish setae; posterior margin with short, recumbent, whitish setae. Scutal pattern varying with illumination. With anterior illumination, thorax black with 1 + 1 median and 1 + 1 sublateral, silver pruinose vittae extending from anterior to posterior margin of thorax and black lyre­shaped pattern; humeri pale brown with faint gray pruinosity; lateral and posterior margins black (Fig. 1). With posterior illumination, lyre­shaped pattern silver pruinose on black scutum; humeri weakly pale brown and lateral margins weakly silver pruinose; posterior margin black (Fig. 2). Anepisternum dark brown; katepisternum light brown. Scutellum dark brown with recumbent whitish setae interspersed with long, black bristles. Postnotum dark brown with silver pruinosity. Pleura dark brown with silver pruinosity. Costa of wing with sparse distribution of spines and setae. Subcosta with line of few setae up to half length of vein (Fig. 9). Radius with line of setae intermixed with spines apically; basal section bare. Basal tuft of long, dark setae (Fig. 9). Leg coloration and proportions as in Figs. 10–12. Fore leg with coxa, trochanter, femur, and tibiae yellow; apex of tibia weakly pale brown; basitarsus and tarsomeres I–IV dark brown (Fig. 10). Middle leg pale yellow except apical two­thirds of basitarsus and tarsomeres I–IV dark brown to black and one­third of basitarsus whitish (Fig. 11). Hind leg with coxa, apex of femur, half of tibiae, apical onethird of basitarsus, and tarsomeres I–IV dark brown, remainder of hind leg pale yellow (Fig. 12). Claws curved with basal tooth (Fig. 13). Halteres cream with brown base. Abdomen with tergites I–IX dark brown to black (Figs. 3, 4); tergite II silver pruinose on anterolateral margins. Basal fringe with thin, long, golden hairs. Tergal plates developed; sternal plates undeveloped. Sternites grayish black; genitalia dark brown. Eighth sternite weakly sclerotized with irregularly distributed setae on posterior margin; hypogynial valves (= gonapophyses) nearly same length as eighth sternite at its midpoint, subtriangular, membranous except weakly sclerotized on internal margins (Fig. 14). Cercus subquadrangular, covered with long, brown setae; anal lobe (= paraproct) subtriangular, nearly one and one­half times longer than cercus, sclerotized and covered by long setae basally and small hairs on distal region of posterior margin (Fig. 15). Genital fork stout, sclerotized with apical termination of stem expanded; termination of lateral arm almost straight; anterior process developed, rounded apically; posterior processes poorly developed (Fig. 16). Spermatheca globular, with internal spicules in groups of 2–4 (Fig. 17); spermathecal duct and area of attachment unpigmented. Male (Figs. 18–28). General body color dark brown (specimen recovered from alcohol) (Figs. 18, 19, 23, 24). Body length (specimens in alcohol) 2.2 –3.0 mm (n = 3); thorax lateral length 0.72–0.78 mm (n = 3). Wing length 1.6–2.5 mm (n = 3); wing width 0.9 mm (n = 3). Head holoptic with dark red eyes. Antenna with whitish pubescense, 0.50 mm in length; scape, pedicel, and first flagellomere light brown, remaining flagellomeres dark brown (Fig. 20). Palpus dark brown, sensory vesicle small, occupying less than 1 / 5 of palpomere III; palpomere V about 1.6 times as long as palpomeres III and IV (Fig. 21). Thorax with scutum black covered with recumbent golden hairs. Scutal pattern varies slightly with light incidence: with anterior light source thorax black with 1 + 1 submedian, silver pruinose cunae on anterior one­third (Fig. 18). With light source posterior to specimen, thorax black (Fig. 19). Humeri pale brown; lateral and posterior margins of scutum pruinose [best seen when specimen viewed laterally]. Scutellum dark brown with recumbent whitish hairs interspersed with long, erect black hairs on posterior margin. Postnotum dark brown to black with silvery gray pruinosity. Anepisternum and katepisternum dark brown. Wing setation and leg coloration as in female, except claws without basal tooth (Fig. 22). Abdomen (Figs. 23, 24) with tergite I black with posterior margin silver pruinose; basal fringe with long, thin, golden hairs; tergite II black in median region and pale brown laterally; tergites III–IV black; tergites V–IX black mesally and grayish in lateral margins; tergites II (anteriorly), IV–VII with silver pruinosity on ventrolateral margin; in some specimens, silver pruinosity also on tergites VIII and IX [best seen on specimens in lateral view]. Sternal plates undeveloped. Genitalia black; gonocoxite subquadrangular (Fig. 28); gonostyle conical (finger­like) (Fig. 28), nearly as long as gonocoxite at midpoint, with ridge in median region and 2 spiniform setae apically [visible only at high magnification]; gonocoxite and gonostyle covered with long setae. Ventral plate sclerotized, with ventral margin almost straight, without keel and covered by small hairs; basal arms short and deeply sclerotized (Fig. 27). Median sclerite Y shaped with distinct incision in apical one­third (Fig. 26). Paramere with developed and sclerotized basal process and numerous stout teeth centrally (Fig. 25). Pupa (Figs. 29–38). Cocoon length dorsally 2.8–3.8 mm (mean = 3.2 mm, SD = 0.28, n = 10), ventrally 3.8–5.4 mm (mean = 4.5 mm, SD = 0.39, n = 10); pupa length 2.6–3.9 mm (mean = 3.1 mm; SD = 0.43, n = 10); gill length 1.5–2.5 mm (mean = 1.9 mm, SD = 0.38, n = 8). Cocoon shoe shaped, dark brown composed of thick coalesced fibres posteriorly and distinct, loop­like fenestrations anteriorly (Figs. 29, 30). Frontoclypeus with 3 + 3 long, multiramous frontal and 1 + 1 long, multiramous, dorsal trichomes (Fig. 34); frontoclypeus with distinct groups of platelets mesally, 1 + 1 dorsolaterally and 2 or 3 platelets in 2 groups laterally in frontal region, respectively (Fig. 33); tubercles rounded, densely distributed (Fig. 36) over entire frontal and dorsal region. Thorax with 5 pairs of long, multiramous (Fig. 32) trichomes near margin of dorsal cleft, 2 + 2 multiramous and 1 simple trichomes at gill base, one small, bifid or simple trichome on ventral margin, and 1 bifid or trifid trichome in median region of thorax; tubercles rounded, densely distributed over entire surface. Antennal sheath with transversal punctuations (Fig. 35). Gill filaments pale yellowish with 8 forwardly directed filaments, arranged in 3 dimensions, curving at midpoint and directed inward apically. Gill configuration with main trunk short, giving rise to 3 sets of primary branches, dorsal and ventral (internal) primary branches each consisting of 3 secondary branches; external set consists of 2 secondary branches; all filaments bifurcate at different heights near base of gill. Filaments stout basally and becoming narrower toward apex, rounded distally, without spicules on surface; edges weakly crenate. All gill filaments approximately same length (Fig. 31). Abdominal tergite I (Figs. 37 a–e) with 1 + 1 submedian, simple trichomes. Tergite II with 4 + 4 submedian, spiniform setae in longitudinal row, 2 + 2 small, simple trichomes anterior to most external spiniform setae and 1 + 1 simple trichome on lateral margin (Fig. 37 a). Tergites III and IV with 4 + 4 submedian, simple hooks in longitudinal row (Figs. 37 b, 37 c), 1 + 1 small, simple trichomes anterior to most lateral hooks, and 1 + 1 small, simple trichomes on lateral margin. Tergite V with 1 + 1 sublateral, small, simple trichomes, and 1 + 1 small, simple trichomes on anterior margin; tergite VI with 1 + 1 submedian and 1 + 1 sublateral, small trichomes. Tergite VII with 1 + 1 sub­median and 1 + 1 sublateral, small, simple trichomes. Tergite VIII with 1 + 1 submedian, simple or bifid, and 1 + 1 sublateral, simple trichomes, and spine combs distinctly resembling teeth on anterior margin (Fig. 37 e). Tergite IX weakly sclerotized, with 1 + 1 small spines. Spine combs on anterior margin of tergites II, VI–IX (Fig. 37 d). Abdominal sternite III (Figs. 38 a–d) with 1 + 1 submedian and 2 + 2 sublateral, small, simple trichomes; sternite IV with 1 + 1 submedian and 2 + 2 sublateral, small, simple trichomes; sternite V with 2 + 2 close, bifid or trifid hooks in row and 2 + 2 simple trichomes anterior to most lateral hooks (Fig. 38 b); sternites VI and VII with 2 + 2 well separated, simple, bifid or trifid hooks (Figs. 38 c, 38 d), sternite VII with 1 + 1 simple trichomes on lateral margin; sternite VIII without hooks; sternite IX weakly sclerotized. Abdominal sternites III–IX with spine combs on anteromedian margin (Fig. 38 a). Larva (last instar) (Figs. 39–45). Body length: 5.8–6.6 mm (mean = 6.2 mm, SD = 0.2, n = 10); head capsule lateral length: 0.6–0.8 mm (mean = 0.7 mm, SD = 0.06, n = 10); dorsal width of head capsule: 0.5–0.7 mm (mean = 0.6 mm, SD = 0.05, n = 10). General body coloration pale gray (in Carnoy’s solution); form as in Fig. 39. Head mainly pale brown, numerous small setae present on all surfaces and head capsule slightly wrinkled. Head pattern positive (Fig. 43). Cervical sclerites small, elliptical, free in membrane. Postgenal cleft subtriangular, wider basally (Figs. 41, 44). Postgenal bridge 0.7 times as long as hypostoma (Fig. 41). Hypostoma with strongly pigmented anterior margin and 9 apical teeth (Fig. 40): median tooth simple and more prominent than sublateral teeth, 3 + 3 rows of sublateral teeth, middle tooth smaller than remaining teeth, 1 + 1 lateral teeth nearly same height as median tooth, 2 poorly developed paralateral teeth, and 3 small lateral serrations; hypostoma with 1 + 1 line of 6 or 7 lateral setae parallel to lateral margin and 1 + 1 long and 1 + 1 or 2 + 2 short setae in posterior region of hypostoma near hypostomal groove. Subesophageal ganglion not pigmented. Antennae (Fig. 42) as long as labral fan stalk; antennal segments brown, except whitish apical one­third of median and basal region of distal segment; segments proportions (proximal, medial and distal) approximately 0.7–0.9: 0.4–0.6: 1.2–1.3 (n = 3). Mandible with 3 apical teeth, basal tooth more prominent than remaining teeth, second comblike teeth with first tooth longer than second and third, mandible with 9 internal teeth, and mandibular serration with anterior teeth longer than posterior; mandibular brushes well developed; mandible with small, simple setae near external margin and 2 prominent, simple trichomes at base of apical mandibular brush. Lateral mandibular process simple and thick. Maxillary palp heavily pigmented, nearly 3 times as long as wide at base. Cephalic fan with 43–47 rays. Thorax pale dorsally and grey ventrally. Proleg with plate heavily sclerotized with band of more than 40 processes of nearly 13 hooks (n = 1). Pupal gill histoblast dark brown with 8 filaments. Abdomen usually completely gray dorsally, progressively paler ventrally, last segments white; faint segmental banding visible dorsally (Fig. 39). Cuticle mainly lacking setae. Ventral nerve cord pale gray. Ventral posterior tubercles absent. Anterodorsal arms of anal sclerite shorter in length than posteroventral arms (Fig. 45). Posterior proleg bearing approximately 100 rows of up to 13 or 14 hooks (n = 2). Anal papillae with 3 branches, each with approximately 7 or 8 finger­shaped lobes of same length (n = 1). Type Material Holotype (INPA): Brazil, Bahia State, Palmeiras County. Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina: Cachoeira da Fumaça stream (# 32), 12 o 36 ’S 41 o 27 ’W, 31.vii. 2005 (N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli and V.L. Landeiro) ­ female (pinned), with pupal exuviae in glycerine. Paratypes: Brazil, Bahia State, Palmeiras County. Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina: Cachoeira da Fumaça stream (# 32), 12 o 36 ’S 41 o 27 ’W, 31.vii. 2005 (N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli & V.L. Landeiro) ­ 2 pupae (P), 2 larvae (L) in ethanol, 1 male (M) pinned, with pupal exuviae in glycerine (INPA); small tributary of Mucujezinho stream (# 26), 12 o 28 ’S 41 o 27 ’W, 07.vii. 2003 (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 2 P, 2 L in ethanol (INPA); Galinha stream (# 29), Bomba village (Vale do Capão), Gerais do Vieira, 12 o 40 ’S 41 o 29 ’W, 08.vii. 2003 (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 3 L in ethanol (INPA); Batista River (# 30), Pousada do Capão, 12 o 37 ’S 41 o 29 ’W, 08.vii. 2003 (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 2 L in ethanol (INPA); Sobradinho stream (# 34), Lençóis­Capão trail, Gerais do Morrão, 12 o 32 ’S 41 o 28 ’W, 10.vii. 2003 (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 1 L, 1 P in ethanol, 1 F pinned with pupal exuviae in glycerine (INPA); Águas Claras stream, Gerais do Morrão, Lençóis­Capão trail, 12 o 31 ’S 41 o 28 ’W, 10.vii. 2003 (# 35) (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 1 L, 2 P in ethanol (INPA), 26.vii. 2005 (# 14) (N. Hamada & M. Pepinelli) ­ 2 P ethanol (INPA); Morrão stream (# 13), Morrão trail, 12 o 31 ’S 41 o 28 ’W, 26.vii. 2005 (N. Hamada & M. Pepinelli) ­ 1 L, 2 P in ethanol (INPA); headwater of Conceição dos Gatos stream (# 15), Morrão trail, 12 o 32 ’S 41 o 28 ’W, 26.vii. 2005 (N. Hamada & M. Pepinelli) ­ 1 P in ethanol (INPA); Mucujezinho stream (# 17), 12 o 28 ’S 41 o 27 ’W, 27.vii. 2005 (N. Hamada & M. Pepinelli) ­ 2 L, 3 P in ethanol (INPA). Lençóis County, Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina: Cachoeirinha stream (# 32), 12 o 33 ’S 41 o 24 ’W, 09.vii. 2003 (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 2 P in ethanol (INPA), 25.vii. 2005 (N. Hamada & M. Pepinelli) ­ 1 P in ethanol (INPA). Andaraí County, Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina: Piabas River (below erosion area) (# 39), 12 o 51 ’S 41 o 18 ’W, 11.vii. 2003 (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 1 L, 2 P in ethanol (INPA); Piabas River (# 43), 12 o 57 ’S 41 o 16 ’W, 04.viii. 2005 (N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli & V.L. Landeiro) ­ 2 L, 2 P in ethanol (INPA); Coisa Boa River (# 40), 12 o 51 ’S 41 o 18 ’W, 11.vii. 2003 (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 1 P in ethanol (INPA); Roncador River (# 41), “off road” track between Andaraí and Lençóis, 12 o 41 ’S 41 o 21 ’W, 11.vii. 2003 (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 2 L, 3 P in ethanol, 1 F pinned (INPA); Serrano River (# 9), 12 o 33 ’S 41 o 23 ’W, 25.vii. 2005 (N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli) ­ 2 L, 1 P in ethanol (INPA); Pombos waterfall (# 38), Igatu, 12 o 54 ’S 41 o 19 ’W, 03.viii. 2005 (N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli & V.L. Landeiro) ­ 2 P in ethanol (INPA). Mucugê County, Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina: Cumbuca River (# 42), 12 o 59 ’S 41 o 21 ’W, 12.vii. 2003 (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 3 P in ethanol, 1 M pinned (INPA); 1 F, 1 M pinned (genitalia on slide), 2 F, 2 M, 7 P, 4 L in slides, several P in ethanol, several L in Carnoys (BMNH); stream in the access road to Sibéria waterfall (# 45), 12 o 56 ’S 41 o 21 ’W, 15.vii. 2003 (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 3 P in ethanol (INPA); Pimenteiras stream (# 46), in the access road to Sibéria waterfall, 12 o 57 ’S 41 o 21 ’W, 15.vii. 2003 (N. Hamada & J. Silva) ­ 1 L, 4 P in ethanol (INPA); first stream on the access road to Sibéria waterfall (# 41), 12 o 58 ’S 41 o 21 ’W, 04.viii. 2005 (N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli & V.L. Landeiro) ­ 2 L, 2 P in ethanol (INPA). Itaitê County, Urubu River (# 24), Chapadinha, Rumo village, 13 o 11 ’S 41 o 10 ’W, 29.vii. 2005 (N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli) ­ 2 P in ethanol, 1 F pinned (INPA); Barrigudinha River (# 26), Rumo village, 13 o 13 ’S 41 o08’W, 29.vii. 2005 (N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli) ­ 2 L, 2 P in ethanol, 2 F, 2 M pinned (INPA). Ibicoara County, Parque Muncipal Natural do Espalhado, Espalhado River (# 52), 13 o 19 ’S 41 o09’W, 08.viii. 2005 (N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli & V.L. Landeiro) ­ 4 P in ethanol, 1 F, 1 M pinned (INPA). Rio de Contas County, Mocotó River (# 57), Mato Grosso village, 13 o 25 ’S 41 o 50 ’W, 10.viii. 2005 (N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli & V.L. Landeiro) ­ 2 L, 3 P in ethanol (INPA). Etymology: This species is named in honor of Jeferson Oliveira da Silva (INPA / CPEN), an ethical and dedicated professional and a good friend, who has been working tirelessly with N. Hamada in the field and laboratory. Taxonomic discussion and diagnosis: Simulium jefersoni n. sp. is placed in the subgenus Chirostilbia based on the combination of characters given by Coscarón (1987, 1991). Within Chirostilbia, this species might be included in the S. pertinax species group by having females with a black thorax and tarsal claws with a basal tooth (Coscarón 1987). However, the males have a ridge on the median region of the gonostyle, as in the species of the S. subpallidum group. The adults in the subgenus Chirostilbia are difficult to separate, especially those species in the S. pertinax group, without examination of the pupal gill configuration. Comparisons, especially with species in image archives in the BMNH, identified black fly specimens at INPA and BMNH, and published illustrations of known species of Chirostilbia, indicate that S. jefersoni n. sp. is morphologically similar to several species. The females are externally similar to females of S. acarayense Coscarón & Wygodzinsky, S. laneportoi Varg a s, S. papaveroi Coscarón, S. serranum Coscarón, S. spinibranchium Lutz, the black form of S. subpallidum Lutz, and S. striginotum Enderlein by having the scutum black with 1 + 1 median and 1 + 1 sublateral silver pruinose vittae and a black lyre­shaped pattern. However, the new species can be distinguished by the structure of the anal lobe (Fig. 15) and its length, which is nearly 1.5 times longer than the cercus. In the other species, the anal lobe is approximately 2.5 to 3 times longer than the cercus. The male thoracic pattern of S. jefersoni n. sp. is also similar to that of species in the S. pertinax species group, from which this species can be distinguished by the structure of the gonostyle and the ventral plate. In S. jefersoni n. sp., the gonostyle is conical and finger­like with a ridge (Fig. 28), and the ventral plate is distinctly rectangular, with the ventral margin nearly straight (Fig. 27), similar to that of S. acarayense (Coscarón 1991). The most reliable character for identifying S. jefersoni n. sp. is the structure of the cocoon and the number and configuration of the pupal gill filaments. The pupa of the new species has eight gill filaments (Fig. 31), which group this species with S. acarayense, S. empascae, S. laneportoi, S. papaveroi, S. pertinax, S. serranum, S. spinibranchium and S. subpallidum. However, S. jefersoni n. sp. can be separated by the shoe­shaped cocoon with prominent anterior fenestrations (Figs. 29, 30). In this respect, S. jefersoni n. sp. is similar to S. distinctum, S. friedlanderi, S. obesum Vulcano and S. riograndense, but the number of its gill filaments distinguishes it from these species, which have 10, 11,> 100, and 10 filaments, respectively. The cocoon in S. empascae is also shoe­shaped, but the pupal gill filaments and the cocoon have different configurations. The pupa of S. jefersoni n. sp. also can be recognized by the set of three primary branches giving rise to three sets of secondary branches that curve at their midpoints and diverge inward apically (Fig. 31), and the thorax and frontoclypeus with prominent, multiramous trichomes (Figs. 32, 34). The pupae of the known eight­filamented species of Chirostilbia in the Neotropical Region have a different gill and trichome configuration pattern. The postgenal cleft of the lastinstar larva of S. jefersoni n. sp. is similar to that of S. serranum (Coscarón 1981), but both species can be distinguished by the different structure of the filaments of the gill histoblast. Bionomics: Simulium jefersoni n. sp. has been collected only in the state of Bahia, Brazil, in Chapada Diamantina National Park and the surrounding area. The immature stages were collected from trailing vegetation, deciduous leaves, and rocks in areas with faster flow in 30 rock­bottomed streams, with width varying from 1 to 50 m. The streams had black water, mean water temperature of 21 o C (SD = 2.0), median electrical conductivity below 20 µS/cm, and mean pH of 4.5 (SD = 0.45). These streams were located at altitudes of 468 to 1345 m. Females were not collected biting humans.Published as part of Hamada, Neusa, Hernandez, Luis M., Luz, Sergio Luiz Bessa & Pepinelli, Mateus, 2006, Simulium (Chirostilbia) jefersoni, a new species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the state of Bahia, Brazil, pp. 21-37 in Zootaxa 1123 on pages 23-32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17176

FIGURE 15 in Redescription of adults of Simulium jeteri (Py-Daniel, Darwich, Mardini, Strieder & Coscarón, 2005) (Diptera: Simuliidae)

FIGURE 15. Simulium jeteri and Simulium itaunense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male ventral plates. (A–C) Simulium jeteri; (D–F) Simulium itaunense. (A, D) Ventral view. (B, E) Lateral view. (C, F) Ventral view with distal margin tilted dorsally (arrow indicates ventral keel)

Simulium jeteri

<i>Simulium jeteri</i> (Py-Daniel, Darwich, Mardini, Strieder & Coscarón, 2005) <p> <i>Thyrsopelma jeteri</i> Py-Daniel <i>et al.</i> 2005: 465 –471. Holotype: female extracted from pupa and its pupal exuviae. Brazil: Rio</p> <p>Grande do Sul State, Barracão municipality, Espigão Alto locality, Arroio Marmeleiro; 2.ix.1988, (Py-Daniel, V., Darwich,</p> <p> S., Mardini, L. & Barbosa, U.C) (INPA n° 6284) (not examined). <i>Simulium jeteri</i>; Hamada <i>et al.</i> 2006, Couceiro <i>et al.</i> 2014. <i>Simulium</i> (<i>Thyrsopelma</i>) <i>jeteri</i>; Coscarón & Coscarón-Arias 2007: 685; Coscarón <i>et al.</i> 2008: 48. <i>Simulium</i> (<i>Trichodagmia</i>) <i>jeteri</i>; Shelley <i>et al.</i> 2010: 432; Hernández 2011: 137; Adler & Crosskey 2008–2018 [Inventory].</p> <p> <b>Redescription. Male</b> (Figs 2A, 3 A–F, 4A–H, 5A–F, 15A–C). Body covered with silver pruinosity; generally dark brown. Body length (neck to abdominal tip) = 1.9–2.3 mm (<i>n</i> = 5); thorax, lateral length (neck to anterior region of hind wing articulation) = 0.7–0.73 mm (<i>n</i> = 5). Wing length (2.0– 2.2 mm), width (0.9–1.1 mm) (<i>n</i> = 3).</p> <p> Head. Antenna (Fig. 4G) of 11 articles with silver pruinosity; length = 0.3–0.4 mm (<i>n</i> = 3); scape yellowish brown, pedicel, and flagellomere dark brown. Eye brown. Clypeus with silver pruinosity. Palpus (Fig. 4H): palpomere III dark brown, palpomere IV brown and palpomere V whitish brown; palpomere V about 3.8–4.2 times as long as palpomere III and 2.9–3.2 times as long as palpomere IV; sensory vesicle small, spherical, approximately 1/5 length of palpomere III (<i>n</i> = 6).</p> <p>Thorax. Scutum with general coloration dark brown; with recumbent, thick, golden hairs (easily removed) (Figs 3 A–F). Scutal pattern varying slightly with incident light. With anterior light incidence (Figs 3A, B): anterior region with 1 + 1 silver marks, subrectangular (best seeing without hairs). With posterior light incidence (Figs 3C, D): anterior region with 1 + 1 silver marks, subrectangular (best seeing without hairs); posterior margin silver. Anepisternum and katepisternum grayish, with silver pruinosity. Scutellum orangish brown, with erect golden hairs on posterior margin. Postnotum dark brown, with silver pruinosity. Wing: costa with spine-like setae among hairlike setae; Sc mostly bare, 1/6 basal with 3–5 hair-like setae; R with hair-like setae along entire length; distal ¼ with spine-like setae (Fig. 4A). Halter whitish, with base dark brown. Foreleg (Fig. 4B): coxa, trochanter and femur brown, except by distal region of femur dark brown; tibia, basitarsus and tarsomeres dark brown. Middle and hind legs with similar color pattern (Figs 4C, D): coxae, trochanters and femora brown, tibiae brown, except by proximal regions yellowish brown; basitarsi whitish brown, except by distal regions dark-brown; tarsomeres dark brown. Femora with abundant, filiform and narrow, scale-like setae (Figs 4E, F).</p> <p>Abdomen. Basal fringe with long, thin, brownish and blackish brown hairs; tergites brown, lateral areas of tergites II and V–VII with silver pruinosity. Gonocoxite and gonostylus (Figs 5A, B, D) dark brown, except proximal region of gonocoxite translucent brown; gonostylus and distal region of gonocoxite covered with long, thick, brownish setae; in ventral view gonocoxite wider than long; gonostylus approximately 2.5 times longer than basal width and 2.8 times longer than gonocoxite length; gonostylus with one stout spine at apex. Ventral plate (Figs 5C, 15 A–C): main body subrectangular, about 1.5 times wider than long, concave posteriorly; shoulder developed, approximately as long as the main body of the ventral plate; median projection developed and covered with thin setae; in dorsal view (Fig. 5C), base of median projection inserted medially, represented by small, rounded, invaginated region (arrow); in ventral view (Fig. 15A), median projection longer than wide, with distal region enlarged and rounded, ventral keel evident; in lateral view (Fig. 15B), median projection elongated, rounded apex, with similar width along entire length, except base abruptly constricted, region below median projection with well-marked crenulations; in ventral view (with apex tilted dorsally) (Fig. 15C) median projection club-shaped, with a ventral keel on basal half (arrow). Median sclerite rectangular, with a deep incision medially (Fig. 5F). Paramere without spines; aedeagal membrane with spicules (Fig. 5E).</p> <p> <b>Female</b> (Figs 2B, 6 A–D, 7A–D, 8A–E, 9A–G). Body covered with silver pruinosity; generally grayish. Body length (neck to abdominal tip) = 2.5–2.7 mm (<i>n</i> = 4); thoracic lateral length (neck to anterior region of hind wing articulation) 0.72 = 0.9–1.1 mm (<i>n</i> = 3). Wing length (2.3–2.5 mm), width (1.1–1.3 mm) (<i>n</i> = 3).</p> <p> Head. Antenna (Fig. 7D) of 11 articles with silver pruinosity; length = 0.4–0.6 mm (<i>n</i> = 3); scape and pedicel yellowish brown; flagellomere light brown. Eye grayish brown. Frons about 1.7 times as long as wide (Fig. 6D), dark gray, with silver pruinosity; fronto-ocular suture absent; nudiocular area weakly developed (Fig. 7A). Maxillary palp (Fig. 7C): palpomere III dark brown, palpomere IV brown and palpomere V light brown; palpomere V about 2.0–2.3 times as long as palpomere III, 4.0–4.3 times as long as palpomere IV; sensory vesicle small, spherical, approximately 1.8 as long as palpomere III. Mandible with 4–7 weak external serrations and 27–33 internal teeth (<i>n</i> = 6). Lacinia with 27–31 retrorse teeth (<i>n</i> = 6). Cibarium with sclerotized cornuae, medial area with small teeth (Fig. 7B).</p> <p>Thorax. Scutum dark gray; with recumbent golden hairs (Figs 6 A–D). Anepisternum and katepisternum grayish, with silver pruinosity. Scutellum grayish brown, with long, thick, erect, golden and black hairs posteriorly. Postnotum black with silver pruinosity. Wing: costa with spine-like setae among hair-like setae; Sc with thick setae along length, except distal region bare; R with hair-like setae along entire length, distal ¼ with spine-like setae (Fig. 7A). Halter whitish, with dark brown base. Foreleg (Fig. 7B): coxa, trochanter, femur and tibia yellowish brown, except by distal region of tibia dark brown; basitarsus and tarsomeres blackish. Middle and hind legs with similar color pattern (Figs 7C, D): coxa and trochanter yellowish brown; femur brown, except distal region dark brown; tibia whitish, except distal region dark brown; basitarsus and tarsomeres dark brown. Hind legs with calcipala as long as wide, not reaching pedisulcus (Fig. 7B), pedisulcus deeply excised. Tarsal claws untoothed (Fig. 7F).</p> <p> Abdomen: Basal fringe with long, thin, brown and blackish brown hairs; tergites dark gray, distal margins lighter, laterally with silver pruinosity. Cercus, in lateral view (Fig. 9C), wider than long, with long, brown setae. Anal lobe, in lateral view (Fig. 9C), sclerotized, with long brown setae; distal projection membranous, bell-shaped, almost as wide as long, short, with thin, short golden hairs; in ventrolateral view (Fig. 9D), with distal projection subtriangular, longer than wide; in posteroventral view (<i>in situ</i>, after clearing as in Fig. 9A, and partially dissected as in Fig. 9B), distal projection medially directed; inner margin concave medially, forming 2 projections internally folded: one less prominent, rounded, and one longer, subtriangular. Hypogynial valves widely separated (Fig. 9F), unsclerotized, rounded apically, with microtrichia. Genital fork (Fig. 9E) with stem longer than lateral arms, slightly expanded apically; lateral arms forming broad U at junction with stem, rectangular distally; anteriorly directed apodeme well developed. Spermatheca (Fig. 9G) subspherical, with cuticular microspines; spermathecal duct unpigmented.</p> <p> <b>Pupa</b> (additional information) (Figs 10 A–C, 11). Cocoon dorsal length 2–3 mm (<i>n</i> = 8); ventral length 2.3–3.1 mm (<i>n</i> = 8); pupa lateral length 2.3–2.8 mm (<i>n</i> = 8).</p> <p>Cocoon aperture not high (anterior region only slightly elevated and thorax not exposed), with anterior rim thickened; cocoon partially covering the gills (Fig. 10A). Gill (Figs 10 A–C) with 15 grayish, short, rigid, robust filaments; filaments entirely covered with microspicules distributed in annular arrangement; filaments acuminated and strongly sclerotized apically; main trunk short, giving rise to five sets of primary branches: one anterior with three filaments, one anterolateral with two filaments, one external with two filaments, one internal and one posterior both with four filaments each; filaments branching at different heights and subequal in length, basal fenestra not evident. Abdomen tergite I brownish, strongly sclerotized; abdominal segment II with anterior region sclerotized (Fig. 11).</p> <p> <b>Larva</b> (last-instar) (additional information): (Figs 12A, B; 13A, B; 14 A–C). Body length 4.5–5.7 mm (<i>n</i> = 8); head capsule lateral length 0.5–0.63 mm (<i>n</i> = 8).</p> <p>Body coloration generally grayish green to reddish brown, whitish ventrally (Figs 12A, B). Head capsule yellowish brown, some areas whitish (Figs 13A, B; 14 A–C). Postgenal cleft with brownish or greenish pigment (Figs 14A, B); subesophageal ganglion pigmented (Figs 14A, B). Ventral tubercles absent.</p> <p> <b>Bionomics.</b> Immature stages of <i>S. jeteri</i> were collected in streams located on Atlantic Forest domain ranging from 2–50m in width (Figs 1 A–C). At the sampling sites, the streambed was composed of sand, boulders, and bedrock. Larvae and pupae were collected mainly on submerged trunks, branches and leaves, where the water current was very fast. In the sampled sites, <i>S. jeteri</i> was collected in sympatry with <i>Simulium orbitale</i> Lutz, 1910 and <i>Simulium itaunense</i> d’Andretta & Dolores González, 1964. We have no information on the female feeding habits of this species; it was not collected biting humans during field work. More bionomic information is in the original description (Py-Daniel <i>et al</i>. 2005).</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State. São Marcos municipality, São Marcos River (29°02’04.9”S; 51°05’11.4”W), 07.IX.2004 and 10.V.2006, Hamada, N., Meneses, V., Pepinelli, M. cols; Jaquirana municipality, Antas River (28°30’11.7”S; 50°10’32”W), 09.IX.2004, Hamada, N., Meneses, V., Pepinelli, M. cols; Cambará do Sul municipality, Venâncios’s waterfalls (29°0’37”S; 50°9’11”W), 09.IX.2004, Hamada, N., Meneses, V., Pepinelli, M. cols: (6 larvae and 6 pupae on slides, 4 larvae and 4 pupae in ethanol, 3 male and 3 female pinned with pupal exuviae in glycerine—INPA). Brasil, Santa Catarina State. Tangará municipality, Leão River (27°19’54”S; 51°19’21”W), 18.IX.2011, Hamada, N. col (4 larvae and 4 pupae on slides, 4 larvae and 4 pupae in ethanol—INPA).</p>Published as part of <i>Do Nascimento, Jeane M. C., Hamada, Neusa, Pepinelli, Mateus & Mardini, Lúcia B. L. F., 2019, Redescription of adults of Simulium jeteri (Py-Daniel, Darwich, Mardini, Strieder & Coscarón, 2005) (Diptera: Simuliidae), pp. 249-266 in Zootaxa 4563 (2)</i> on pages 251-257, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.2.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2601172">http://zenodo.org/record/2601172</a&gt

Redescription of adults of Simulium jeteri (Py-Daniel, Darwich, Mardini, Strieder & Coscarón, 2005) (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Do Nascimento, Jeane M. C., Hamada, Neusa, Pepinelli, Mateus, Mardini, Lúcia B. L. F. (2019): Redescription of adults of Simulium jeteri (Py-Daniel, Darwich, Mardini, Strieder & Coscarón, 2005) (Diptera: Simuliidae). Zootaxa 4563 (2): 249-266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4563.2.

Validating a multi-locus metabarcoding approach for characterizing mixed-pollen samples

Abstract Background The mutualistic interaction between entomophilous plants and pollinators is fundamental to the structure of most terrestrial ecosystems. The sensitive nature of this relationship has been disrupted by anthropogenic modifications to natural landscapes, warranting development of new methods for exploring this trophic interaction. Characterizing the composition of pollen collected by pollinators, e.g. Apis mellifera, is a common means of exploring this relationship, but traditional methods of microscopic pollen assessment are laborious and limited in their scope. The development of pollen metabarcoding as a method of rapidly characterizing the abundance and diversity of pollen within mixed samples presents a new frontier for this type of work, but metabarcoding may have limitations, and validation is warranted before any suite of primers can be confidently used in a research program. We set out to evaluate the utility of an integrative approach, using a set of established primers (ITS2 and rbcL) versus melissopalynological analysis for characterizing 27 mixed-pollen samples from agricultural sites across Canada. Results Both individual markers performed well relative to melissopalynology at the family level with decreases in the strength of correlation and linear model fits at the genus level. Integrating data from both markers together via a multi-locus approach provided the best rank-based correlation between metagenetic and melissopalynological data at both the genus (ρ = 0.659; p < 0.001) and family level (ρ = 0.830; p < 0.001). Species accumulation curves indicated that, after controlling for sampling effort, melissopalynological characterization provides similar or higher species richness estimates than either marker. The higher number of plant species discovered via the metabarcoding approach simply reflects the vastly greater sampling effort in comparison to melissopalynology. Conclusions Pollen metabarcoding performed well at characterizing the composition of mixed pollen samples relative to a traditional melissopalynological approach. Limitations to the quantitative application of this method can be addressed by adopting a multi-locus approach that integrates information from multiple markers

Environmental metagenetics unveil novel plant‐pollinator interactions

Abstract Honey bees are efficient pollinators of flowering plants, aiding in the plant reproductive cycle and acting as vehicles for evolutionary processes. Their role as agents of selection and drivers of gene flow is instrumental to the structure of plant populations, but historically, our understanding of their influence has been limited to predominantly insect‐dispersed flowering species. Recent metagenetic work has provided evidence that honey bees also forage on pollen from anemophilous species, suggesting that their role as vectors for transmission of plant genetic material is not confined to groups designated as entomophilous, and leading us to ask: could honey bees act as dispersal agents for non‐flowering plant taxa? Using an extensive pollen metabarcoding dataset from Canada, we discovered that honey bees may serve as dispersal agents for an array of sporophytes (Anchistea, Claytosmunda, Dryopteris, Osmunda, Osmundastrum, Equisetum) and bryophytes (Funaria, Orthotrichum, Sphagnum, Ulota). Our findings also suggest that honey bees may occasionally act as vectors for the dispersal of aquatic phototrophs, specifically Coccomyxa and Protosiphon, species of green algae. Our work has shed light on the broad resource‐access patterns that guide plant‐pollinator interactions and suggests that bees could act as vectors of gene flow, and potentially even agents of selection, across Plantae