30 research outputs found
Conscience périphérique et travail coopératif dans un café-restaurant
Dans cet article nous prĂ©sentons une Ă©tude de terrain des activitĂ©s de coopĂ©ration qui ont lieu dans un cafĂ©-restaurant entre serveurs et cuisiniers.Plus particuliĂšrement, nous montrons comment le niveau de conscience pĂ©riphĂ©rique (awareness) de ce qui se passe dans lâenvironnement immĂ©diat de travail varie continuellement et est liĂ© aux mĂ©canismes dâattention des participants. Dans un premier temps, Ă partir de quelques sĂ©quences vidĂ©o, cet article analyse les fonctions de la conscience pĂ©riphĂ©rique entre coĂ©quipiers grĂące Ă lâĂ©coute flottante, la vision pĂ©riphĂ©rique et les perceptions kinesthĂ©siques : leur besoin dâaccomplir de courts dĂ©placements et de communiquer rapidement pour gagner du temps, leur besoin dâĂ©viter des collisions dans un espace Ă©troit, etc.Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, grĂące aux entretiens dâexplicitation menĂ©s avec deux serveuses, nous prĂ©sentons une analyse dĂ©taillĂ©e des variations de lâattention qui sont liĂ©es Ă la surcharge cognitive de lâactivitĂ© en cours de rĂ©alisation, et aux objets et personnes pertinents pour cette mĂȘme activitĂ©.In this paper we present a workplace study of the collaborative activity between cooks and waiters in a restaurant/coffee-house. We show how awareness is linked to the attention mechanisms of the participants and how their level of awareness is constantly varying. First of all, using video footage, we analyse the functions of awareness between the co-team members through their peripheral attention, over-hearing and kinaesthetic perceptions: how they need to use shortcuts in their displacements and rapid communication so as to gain time, how they need to avoid collisions in a narrow space, etc. Secondly, based on âexplicitationâ interviews conducted with two waitresses, we then present a detailed analysis of the variations in their attention which are linked not only to the cognitive overload present in their current activity but also to the objects and persons which are pertinent for this same activity.En este artĂculo presentamos un estudio de campo de las actividades de cooperaciĂłn en un cafĂ©-restaurante entre camareros y cocineros. En especial, mostramos cĂłmo el nivel de conciencia perifĂ©rica (awareness) de lo que sucede en el entorno inmediato de trabajo, varĂa continuamente y se encuentra ligado a los mecanismos de atenciĂłn de los participantes. En primera instancia, y a partir de algunas secuencias de video, este artĂculo analiza las funciones de la conciencia perifĂ©rica entre compañeros de equipo gracias a la escucha flotante, la visiĂłn perifĂ©rica y las percepciones kinestĂ©sicas : su necesidad de realizar desplazamientos cortos y comunicarse rĂĄpidamente para ganar tiempo, su necesidad de evitar colisiones en un espacio estrecho, etc...En segunda instancia, y gracias a las entrevistas de explicitaciĂłn realizadas con dos camareras, presentamos un anĂĄlisis detallado de las variaciones de la atenciĂłn que se encuentran ligadas a la sobrecarga cognitiva de la actividad en curso de realizaciĂłn, y a los objetos y personas pertinentes a la actividad misma
Mutant huntingtin impairs neurodevelopment in human brain organoids through CHCHD2-mediated neurometabolic failure
Expansion of the glutamine tract (poly-Q) in the protein huntingtin (HTT) causes the neurodegenerative disorder Huntingtonâs disease (HD). Emerging evidence suggests that mutant HTT (mHTT) disrupts brain development. To gain mechanistic insights into the neurodevelopmental impact of human mHTT, we engineered male induced pluripotent stem cells to introduce a biallelic or monoallelic mutant 70Q expansion or to remove the poly-Q tract of HTT. The introduction of a 70Q mutation caused aberrant development of cerebral organoids with loss of neural progenitor organization. The early neurodevelopmental signature of mHTT highlighted the dysregulation of the protein coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 (CHCHD2), a transcription factor involved in mitochondrial integrated stress response. CHCHD2 repression was associated with abnormal mitochondrial morpho-dynamics that was reverted upon overexpression of CHCHD2. Removing the poly-Q tract from HTT normalized CHCHD2 levels and corrected key mitochondrial defects. Hence, mHTT-mediated disruption of human neurodevelopment is paralleled by aberrant neurometabolic programming mediated by dysregulation of CHCHD2, which could then serve as an early interventional target for HD
Mutant huntingtin impairs neurodevelopment in human brain organoids through CHCHD2-mediated neurometabolic failure
27 p.-7 fig.Expansion of the glutamine tract (poly-Q) in the protein huntingtin (HTT) causes the neurodegenerative disorder Huntington's disease (HD). Emerging evidence suggests that mutant HTT (mHTT) disrupts brain development. To gain mechanistic insights into the neurodevelopmental impact of human mHTT, we engineered male induced pluripotent stem cells to introduce a biallelic or monoallelic mutant 70Q expansion or to remove the poly-Q tract of HTT. The introduction of a 70Q mutation caused aberrant development of cerebral organoids with loss of neural progenitor organization. The early neurodevelopmental signature of mHTT highlighted the dysregulation of the protein coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 (CHCHD2), a transcription factor involved in mitochondrial integrated stress response. CHCHD2 repression was associated with abnormal mitochondrial morpho-dynamics that was reverted upon overexpression of CHCHD2. Removing the poly-Q tract from HTT normalized CHCHD2 levels and corrected key mitochondrial defects. Hence, mHTT-mediated disruption of human neurodevelopment is paralleled by aberrant neurometabolic programming mediated by dysregulation of CHCHD2, which could then serve as an early interventional target for HD.We acknowledge support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)(PR1527/5-1 to A.P., RTG 2155 ProMoAge to H.O. and L.A.M.K., SFB167 B07 to J.P., RU2795: âSynapses under stressâ: PR-1527/6-1 to A.P. and AN-1440/4-1 to R.A.), the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) (to S.D., J.P., R.K., and A.P.),the Bundesministerium fĂŒr Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) (AZ. 031L0211 and 01GM2002A to A.P. and 01EE2303B to J.P.), the Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University (FoKo grant to A.P. and S.C.), the European Commissionâs Horizon Europe Program (SIMPATHIC #101080249 to A.P.),the National Science Centre, Poland (NCN grant No. 20 16/22/M/NZ2/00548 and 2017/27/B/NZ1/02401 to P.L.), the UK Dementia Research Institute programme grant (to J.P.), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) grant PI20-00057 (to C.U.), the Berlin School of Integrative Oncology through the GSSP program of the German Academy of Exchange Service (DAAD) and the Joachim Herz Foundation through the Add-on Fellowship program (to T.M.P.), and the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes (to Se.Li.). We acknowledge the Center for Advanced Imaging (CAi) at Heinrich Heine University DĂŒsseldorf for providing access to the Perki-
nElmer Operetta CLS (DFG grant number INST 208/760-1 FUGG) and Olympus FV3000 microscope.Peer reviewe
Imparare a rendere visibile lâinvisibile in un laboratorio di emodinamica
This essay documents the practical activity consisting in seeing and learning to see the invisibility of the heart ramifications within an hemodynamic laboratory exploiting imaging technologies. The ethnographic observation shows that the visibility of the images is socially constructed and negotiated among laboratory members and involves the use of heterogeneous artefacts and multimodal semiotic resources. Their professional vision is social, dynamic, situated and implies the mastery of a practical, tacit and body knowledge. The ethnographer herself, like a novice, learns step by step to see what was for her initially invisible and confused, by succeeding to notice the pertinent elements â progressively standing out on the screenâs backgroundâ for the purpose of activities, while some practitioners perform the role of instructors guiding her through gesture, words and gazes, in the vision of these elements
Ascoltare, tradurre, ricostruire e raccontare storie su presunti errori medici: le abilitĂ dei consulenti del Tribunale per i Diritti del Malato
Il saggio poggia su di una ricerca etnografica condotta alla Centrale di Ascolto e nell'Area medico legale del Tribunale per i Diritti del Malato le cui attivitĂ hanno una forte dimensione narrativa dato che raccoglie le storie dei cittadini su presunti errori medici, fornendo un parere medico-legale sull'eventualitĂ di avviare un'azione per ottenere il risarcimento del danno subito. Ogni narrazione Ăš dialogica, si colloca all'interno di una relazione comunicativa che coinvolge chi narra e chi ascolta. Nel nostro caso Ăš il consulente del Tribunale che adotta la postura professionale del destinatario, che da senso al racconto del cittadino deluso, arrabbiato e disperato. Ai suoi occhi, Ăš un terapeuta, uno story taker che stimola e accoglie una storia segnata da un evento drammatico, ove il ruolo del nemico Ăš attribuito al medico negligente e arrogante
LâĆil diagnostique
Cet article repose sur une recherche ethnographique menĂ©e dans un laboratoire dâhĂ©modynamique dâun grand hĂŽpital italien effectuant des coronographies et des angioplasties. En adoptant les approches des Social Studies of Scientific Imaging and Visualization et des Workplace Studies, il dĂ©voile comment mĂ©decins, techniciens en radiologie et infirmiers apprennent et dĂ©veloppent cet « Ćil diagnostique » capable de remarquer â à lâaide de technologies dâimagerie mĂ©dicale â les indices suspects signalant une pathologie coronaire. Lâarticle analyse aussi le parcours de lâethnographe qui, cĂŽtoyant les professionnels, apprend progressivement Ă distinguer dans les images certains de ces Ă©lĂ©ments pertinents. On verra ainsi que la compĂ©tence Ă repĂ©rer les signes dâune pathologie repose sur un apprentissage pratique et situĂ© pour interprĂ©ter non seulement ce qui se passe dans lâespace perceptuel de lâĂ©cran mais aussi dans lâespace interactionnel partagĂ© avec les collĂšgues en coprĂ©sence. Cela comporte en effet lâusage de ressources sĂ©miotiques multimodales â instructions langagiĂšres, mĂ©taphores et jugements esthĂ©tiques, gestes de pointage, orientations du regard, manipulation dâartefacts â rendant mutuellement visibles et intelligibles les dĂ©tails pertinents des ramifications du cĆur apparaissant Ă lâĂ©cran.This article is based on an ethnographic research conducted within an hemodynamic laboratory of a public Italian hospital doing coronary angiographies and angioplasties. By adopting the approaches of Social Studies of Scientific Imaging and Visualization and of Workplace Studies, it reveals how physicians, radiology technicians and nurses learn this âdiagnostic eyeâ able to notice â with the aid of medical imaging technologies â the suspicious cues signaling a coronary pathology. The article also analyses the path of the ethnographer who, by standing alongside practitioners, learns step by step to see in the images some of these relevant elements. We will see that the ability to notice the signs of a pathology rests on a practical and situated learning to interpret not only what is going on within the screenâs perceptual space but also within the interactional space shared with co-present colleagues, That, in fact, implies the use of multimodal semiotic resources â linguistic instructions, metaphors and aesthetic judgements, deictic gesture, gazeâs orientations, manipulation of artefacts â making the relevant details of the heart ramifications appearing on the screen mutually visible and intelligible.Este artĂculo se basa sobre una investigaciĂłn etnogrĂĄfica conducida en un laboratorio de hemodinĂĄmica de un gran hospital pĂșblico italiano que efectĂșa coronografĂas y angioplastias. Adoptando los enfoques de los Social Studies of Scientific Imaging and Visualization y de los Workplace Studies, revela como mĂ©dicos, tĂ©cnicos de radiologĂa y enfermeros aprenden y desarollan un «ojo diagnĂłstico» capaz de detectar â con la ayuda de las tecnologĂas de imagen mĂ©dica â los indicios sospechosos que indican una patologĂa coronaria. El artĂculo tambiĂ©n analiza el camino de la etnĂłgrĂĄfa que, acompañando a los profesionales, aprende progresivamente a distinguir algunos elementos pertinentes dentro de las imĂĄgenes. AsĂ pues, veremos que la competencia para identificar los signos de una patologĂa reposa en un aprendizaje prĂĄtico y situado para interpretar no solamente lo que estĂĄ pasando en el espacio perceptivo de la pantalla sino tambiĂ©n en el espacio interaccional compartido con los compañeros en co-presencia. De hecho, eso implica el uso de recursos semiĂłticos multimodales â instrucciones linguĂsticas, metĂĄforas y juicios estĂ©ticos, gestos de puntuaciĂłn, orientaciĂłn de la mirada, manipulaciĂłn de artefactos â que hacen mutuamente visibles e inteligibles los detalles pertinentes de las ramificaciones del corazĂłn que aparecen en la pantalla
Les coulisses de la relation de service : dérision clandestine, accountability d'une équipe de téléopératrices et organisation néo ou post-taylorienne
Defense date: 05 February 2010Examining Board:
Colin Crouch (University of Warwick, Business School) (Supervisor),
Donatella Della Porta (EUI),
Annie Borzeix (Ecole Polytechnique de Paris),
Pier Paolo Giglioli (UniversitĂ di Bologna)Cette thĂšse repose sur une recherche ethnographique menĂ©e sur le plateau tĂ©lĂ©phonique dâun Centre dâInformation de lâAdministration espagnole, afin de recueillir - en situation naturelle et au moment de leur rĂ©alisation - les pratiques de communication dâune Ă©quipe de 15 agents dâaccueil en action. Pratiques, se dĂ©roulant dans les coulisses de la relation de service, Ă lâinsu des usagers, mais assurant la qualitĂ© des prestations menĂ©es sur scĂšne, lors du dialogue tĂ©lĂ©phonique avec lâappelant. LâĂ©tude fine et dĂ©taillĂ©e des activitĂ©s langagiĂšres de lâĂ©quipe du CIA, est prĂ©sentĂ©e sous forme dâune triangulation. La mĂ©taphore dramaturgique goffmanienne, pour lâĂ©tude des rituels de dĂ©rision clandestine de lâusager, mis en scĂšne pour le public des pairs, respectant lâobligation dâune exhibition de la distance au rĂŽle et Ă©pousant la forme de duels et joutes oratoires entre collĂšgues qui rivalisent dans lâingĂ©niositĂ© de leurs moqueries, insultes et prouesses comiques. Lâapproche ethnomĂ©thologique des Workplace studies, pour lâĂ©tude des compĂ©tences et des procĂ©dĂ©s communicationnels mobilisĂ©s par les agents, pour reconnaĂźtre et rendre accountable, c'est-Ă -dire accessible, observable, audible et intelligible, toute action effectuĂ©e dans un espace dâĂ©coute rĂ©ciproque et rĂ©ussir ainsi Ă coopĂ©rer dans lâorganisation dâune rĂ©ponse collective aux requĂȘtes des appelants et Ă construire quotidiennement une Ă©quipe efficace et soudĂ©e dans le respect des rituels de sociabilitĂ©. Lâapproche de la sociologie du travail classique et rĂ©cente, et les Ă©tudes du RĂ©seau Langage et Travail sur les mĂ©tiers de service du public, pour montrer que les rĂ©formes pour lâamĂ©lioration de la qualitĂ© du service et leurs injonctions de rationalisation de lâactivitĂ© langagiĂšre des agents, sous-estiment lâefficacitĂ© des «cris» dâentraide et des bavardages enjouĂ©s, et nĂ©gligent les compĂ©tences corporelles, cognitives, techniques, langagiĂšres et interactionnelles mobilisĂ©es pour la rĂ©alisation de prestations tĂ©lĂ©phoniques de qualitĂ©, qui sont ingĂ©nieuses, complexes, non prescriptibles et non standardisables