Dermatological diseases of compulsory notification in Brazil

A estruturação do Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Epidemiológica do Brasil, em 1975, tornou obrigatória a notificação de algumas doenças transmissíveis com o objetivo de reduzir a carga destes eventos no país. Entretanto, as alterações no perfil epidemiológico destas doenças, associadas a características da sociedade contemporânea, determinam a constante adequação das atividades de vigilância a este cenário. Neste manuscrito, são descritos epidemiologia, tendências e diagnóstico diferencial das seguintes doenças dermatológicas de notificação compulsória no Brasil: aids, dengue, hanseníase, leishmaniose tegumentar americana, sarampo, rubéola e síndrome da rubéola congênita e sífilis. Também são apresentados os principais desafios atuais para o controle e prevenção para cada uma dessas doenças no BrasilThe development of a Brazilian National Surveillance System in 1975 led to a compulsory reporting of selected infectious diseases aiming to reduce the burden of these events in the country. However, shifts in the epidemiology of these diseases associated with modern life style, demand constant revision of surveillance activities. In this manuscript we present the epidemiology, trends and differential diagnosis of the following compulsory notifiable diseases in Brazil: Aids, dengue fever, hanseniasis, American tegumentary leishmaniasis, measles, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome and syphilis. Additionally, the current challenges for control and prevention of each disease are presente

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Magia e religião no festival das antestérias

L'objectif de cet étude est établir une réflexion au sujet de religion et de magie et, à la fois, observer la relation entre ces deux concepts. Cet analyse sera fait sur les Anthestéries, une fête du calendrier religieux des athéniens. O objetivo do presente estudo é refletir sobre os conceitos de magia e de religião e a relação que se estabelece entre eles. Esta reflexão estará centrada nas Antestérias,1 festival que fazia parte do calendário religioso ateniense

Isolados 'como nós' ou isolados 'entre nós'?: a polêmica na Academia Nacional de Medicina sobre o isolamento compulsório dos doentes de lepra Isolated 'like us' or isolated 'among us'?: the controversy within the National Academy of Medicine over compulsory isolation of leprosy sufferers

Da forma como a lepra era percebida na sociedade brasileira do início do século XX, a segregação dos doentes era vista como o único modo de proteger os sãos. A política praticada pela Inspetoria de Profilaxia da Lepra e das Doenças Venéreas privilegiava o isolamento em leprosários. Belisário Penna, crítico à atuação desta Inspetoria, defendia que a melhor forma de isolar os doentes seria através da criação de municípios geograficamente distantes dos centros urbanos. Em 1926, instaurou-se uma polêmica entre Penna e Eduardo Rabello, ex-chefe da Inspetoria, sobre esse tema. Essa polêmica se configurou como parte de um debate mais geral sobre a melhor forma de se controlar a lepra, e nos permite entender as mudanças ocorridas na década de 1930 acerca das políticas implementadas contra a doença.<br>Given Brazilian society's view of leprosy in the early twentieth century, patient segregation was considered the only way to protect the healthy. The policy enforced by the Inspectorship for the Prevention of Leprosy and Venereal Diseases deemed isolation in leprosaria the preferred approach. Belisário Penna criticized the work of the Inspectorship, arguing that the best way to isolate patients would be to create municipalities located a good distance from urban centers. In 1926, Penna came head to head over the subject with Eduardo Rabello, the Inspectorship's former chief. Part of a broader debate on the best way to control leprosy, this controversy sheds light on the changes to leprosy policies introduced in the 1930s

Fabricando o soldado, forjando o cidadão: o doutor Eduardo Augusto Pereira de Abreu, a Guerra do Paraguai e a educação física no Brasil Molding soldiers, forming citizens: doctor Eduardo Augusto Pereira de Abreu, the Paraguayan War, and physical education in Brazil

Discute a obra de Eduardo Augusto Pereira de Abreu, Estudos higiênicos sobre a educação física, intelectual e moral do soldado, publicada em 1867, a qual, marcada pela experiência da Guerra do Paraguai, foi uma das primeiras produções em que se buscou explicitamente unir preocupações médicas e militares, bem como estabelecer nítida conexão entre a fabricação de um combatente e o forjar de um cidadão, ambos prontos para defender a pátria. Nela, a prática de atividades físicas ligadas ao civismo, ao vigor e à saúde foi apresentada como de grande relevância, antecipando e influenciando futuros debates nacionais sobre a importância da educação física.<br>The article discusses Eduardo Augusto Pereira de Abreu's Estudos higiênicos sobre a educação física, intelectual e moral do soldado (Hygienic studies on the physical, intellectual, and moral education of soldiers), published in 1867. Marked by the experience of the Paraguayan War, this was one of the first works that endeavored explicitly to conjoin medical and military concerns and to establish a clear link between molding a soldier and forming a citizen, both ready to defend the fatherland. Placing heavy emphasis on the practice of physical activities tied in with civism, robustness, and good health, the book both anticipated and influenced subsequent debates in Brazil on the importance of physical education