The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

The development of distributive justice: The roles of children\u27s understanding of the mind, parents, and temperament

To study the basis for children\u27s concern for distributive justice, the investigator examined whether children\u27s understanding of the mind, parents\u27 beliefs about fairness, and children\u27s temperament influence preschoolers\u27 distributive justice behavior. One hundred 3- to 5-year-olds participated in the study. Four reward-for-work allocation tasks were presented randomly to the children and they were instructed to distribute stickers between themselves and a fictitious character. In every task, an equality option was pitted against one of two types of unequal self-interest allocations. The study demonstrated that preschoolers did not always choose an outcome that maximized their gains when they were instructed to distribute resources in a reward-for-work allocation task. Instead of their acquisition of a representational theory of the mind, children\u27s expectation of affective consequences of their allocation behavior was the significant predictor of their selection of equal outcome choice. Furthermore, individual differences were found in children\u27s preferences of distributive justice rules. Children\u27s temperament influenced their allocation behavior only when their mothers had low egalitarian value orientation. The findings revealed that preschool children differ in their degree of concern for distributive justice

Violent victimization of youth versus adults in the national crime victimization survey.

Abstract To understand the characteristics of juvenile victimization, explicit comparisons between the victimization of juveniles and adults need to be made. In this article, rates of violent victimizations of youth aged 12 to 17 years and adults were compared, using the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), an annual survey of 50,000 American households administered by the U.S. Bureau of the Census on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice. Analyses with 1994 data revealed that juveniles were substantially more likely than adults to be victims of violent crimes and suffer from a crime-related injury. Large disparities between juveniles and adults were present for males and females, Whites and Blacks, and persons from different types of localities. Moreover, juvenile victims were more likely than adult victims to know their offenders. Some characteristics of the NCVS may result in an underestimation of the disproportionate youth victimizations

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least 4 m. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the 6.5 m James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 yr, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit