Thermophysical, Acoustical, Spectral and DFT Study of Intermolecular Interactions of Terpinolene with Cresols.

Abstract Densities and speed of sound were measured experimentally for binary mixtures of terpinolene with cresols (o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol) at three different temperatures 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15K at atmospheric pressure. From primary physical properties, some secondary properties like molar volume , excess molar volume , partial molar volume , excess partial molar volume , apparent molar volume , deviation in speed of sound , isentropic compressibility , deviation in isentropic compressibility , acoustical impedance , deviation in acoustical impedances , intermolecular free length , partial molar isentropic compression , excess partial molar isentropic compression  and apparent molar isentropic compression  were calculated. Infinite dilution apparent molar volume , infinite dilution apparent molar isentropic compression , empirical parameters ,  and ,  of the Redlich-Rosenberg-Mayer equation with the limiting apparent molar expansibility  were also calculated. Some theoretical speed of sound calculating relations such as Nomoto relation , Ideal mixture relation , Junji relation  and Free length theory relation  were also calculated with their standard deviation . All the calculated values of excess/deviation properties were fitted with the fourth order Redlich-Kister polynomial equation and their standard deviation  values were also calculated. FT-IR spectral analysis of binary mixtures at 4:1, 1:1 and 1:4 composition ratios were carried out at 298.15K. Computational calculations such as optimization of pure and binary mixtures in gas phase, bond length, Mulliken charges, theoretical vibrational frequencies and NBO calculations on basis of the DFT (Density Function Theory) were also carried out. The results were discussed in term of presence of intermolecular interactions, types, strength and behavior with change of temperatures and cresol components in binary mixtures

Volumetric, Acoustical and Computational Study on Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures of Ricinoleic Acid with Some Halobenzenes

Densities (ρ) and speed of sound (u) of binary liquid mixtures of Ricinoleic acid with some halobenzenes at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure are reported over the entire composition range. From the experimentally measured density, ; excess molar volumes, , are calculated. Deviation of the speeds of sound , isentropic compressibility , deviation in isentropic compressibility, , deviation in acoustic impedance, , and intermolecular free length  have been calculated using experimentally measured speed of sound, . Various theoretical speeds of sound and average deviations were calculated using well established equations like Nomoto,  Ideal Mixing Rule,  Junji, and Jacobson’s Free Length Theory, . To derive fitting coefficients,  with standard deviation, , excess properties were fitted with the Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation. The variation of these properties with composition and temperature was discussed in terms of molecular interaction on mixing and their interacting abilities. Observations reveal that there are strong interactions between components. Strength of interactions between components is described with theoretical computational calculations

Lawson criterion for ignition exceeded in an inertial fusion experiment

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion

Angiotensin II and Angiotensin III Induce P38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase in Cultured Rat Astrocytes

Objective. In these studies, we determined whether angiotensin (Ang)II and Ang III induce p38 MAP kinase protein phosphorylation in rat astrocytes. Background. Previously we showed that these peptides induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases in rat astrocytes. Methods. We used brainstem rat astrocytes as a model system to determine whether Ang II and Ang III induce p38 MAP kinase protein phosphorylation using western blotting techniques. Results. Treatment of astrocytes with increasing concentrations of both peptides caused a dose-dependent increase in p38 MAP kinase protein phosphorylation. The effects of Ang II and Ang III were maximal between 10 nM and 100 nM concentrations. The peptides effects were rapid and significant, occurring within minutes of treatment. Ang II\u27s ability to induce this kinase was significantly different (~2x as great) as compared to Ang III, suggesting that Ang II was more potent than Ang III in this effect. Ang AT1 receptor mediated the actions of the peptides since pretreatment with losartan prevented p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation by Ang II and Ang III. In addition, blockade of Ang II metabolism to Ang III with the aminopeptidase A inhibitor, glutamate phosphonate, was ineffective in ameliorating Ang II phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, suggesting that Ang II directly stimulated p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation. Conclusion. These findings provide insight into the molecular nature of the actions of these peptides and offer possible mechanisms by which these Ang peptides physiological and possibly pathological actions occur in astrocytes. Grants. Funded by PFRDG grant# 335465

High-altitude ancestry and hypoxia acclimation have distinct effects on exercise capacity and muscle phenotype in deer mice

The hypoxic and cold environment at high altitudes requires that small mammals sustain high rates of O2 transport for exercise and thermogenesis while facing a diminished O2 availability. We used laboratory born and -raised deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) from highland and lowland populations to determine the interactive effects of ancestry and hypoxia acclimation on exercise performance. Maximal O2 consumption (VO2max ) during exercise in hypoxia increased after hypoxia acclimation (equivalent to the hypoxia at ~4,300 m elevation for 6–8 wk) and was consistently greater in highlanders than in lowlanders. V̇O2max during exercise in normoxia was not affected by ancestry or acclimation. Highlanders also had consistently greater capillarity, oxidative fiber density, and maximal activities of oxidative enzymes (cytochrome c oxidase and citrate synthase) in the gastrocnemius muscle, lower lactate dehydrogenase activity in the gastrocnemius, and greater cytochrome c oxidase activity in the diaphragm. Hypoxia acclimation did not affect any of these muscle traits. The unique gastrocnemius phenotype of highlanders was associated with higher mRNA and protein abundances of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) transcript abundance was lower in highlanders, and hypoxia acclimation reduced the expression of numerous genes that regulate angiogenesis and energy metabolism, in contrast to the observed population differences in muscle phenotype. Lowlanders exhibited greater increases in blood hemoglobin content, hematocrit, and wet lung mass (but not dry lung mass) than highlanders after hypoxia acclimation. Genotypic adaptation to high altitude, therefore, improves exercise performance in hypoxia by mechanisms that are at least partially distinct from those underlying hypoxia acclimation

Survival of a male patient harboring CASK Arg27Ter mutation to adolescence

Abstract Background CASK is an X‐linked gene in mammals and its deletion in males is incompatible with life. CASK heterozygous mutations in female patients associate with intellectual disability, microcephaly, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, and optic nerve hypoplasia, whereas CASK hemizygous mutations in males manifest as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with a grim prognosis. Here, we report a rare case of survival of a male patient harboring a CASK null mutation to adolescent age. Methods Trio whole exome sequencing analysis was performed from blood genomic DNA. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and electroencephalogram (EEG) analyses were performed to determine anomalies in brain development, metabolite concentrations, and electrical activity, respectively. Results Trio‐WES analysis identified a de novo c.79C>T (p.Arginine27Ter) mutation in CASK causing a premature translation termination at the very N‐terminus of the protein. The 17‐years, and 11‐month‐old male patient displayed profound intellectual disability, microcephaly, dysmorphism, ponto‐cerebellar hypoplasia, and intractable epilepsy. His systemic symptoms included overall reduced somatic growth, dysautonomia, ventilator and G tube dependence, and severe osteopenia. Brain MRI revealed a severe cerebellar and brain stem hypoplasia with progressive cerebral atrophy. EEG spectral analysis revealed a global functional defect with generalized background slowing and delta waves dominating even in the awake state. Conclusion This case study is the first to report survival of a male patient carrying a CASK loss‐of‐function mutation to adolescence and highlights that improved palliative care could extend survival. Moreover, the genomic position encoding Arg27 in CASK may possess an increased susceptibility to mutations

Failure of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam Salvage Therapy in Complicated Pneumonia With Lung Abscess

Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains challenging, despite the availability ceftolozane-tazobactam. We report a treatment failure with ceftolozane-tazobactam salvage therapy for pneumonia complicated by lung abscess. Drug resistance, dose selection, and source control are possible contributing factors. Ceftolozane-tazobactam susceptibility testing should precede therapy and consideration should be given to dosing selection