Seeding uniformity for vacuum precision seeders Uniformidade de semeaduras para semeadeiras de precisão a vácuo

The performance of three vacuum precision seeders was investigated in a field study. Seeding uniformity was determined in three different within-row distances: 14, 18 and 21 cm. The seeders were operated at 1.8, 3.6, 5.4 and 7.2 km h-1. Successive seed spacing along of 3 m of row was measured in three replications on each row. For evaluating the seeding uniformity of seeders, seed spacings were analyzed using the methods (MISS, MULT, QFI and PREC). There were no differences between seeders. For P < 0.01, operating speed affected MISS and QFI values, and the within-row seed spacing affected MULT and PREC values. The best operating speed was 1.8 km h-1 because of the highest QFI value (88.5%). There was no difference between 1.8 and 3.6 km h-1. The speeds, 1.8 and 3.6 km h-1, were different from 5.4 and 7.2 km h-1. The best within-row distance was 18 cm because the QFI value was higher than those of 14 and 20 cm, 86.9%, 82.0% and 81.8%, respectively. The best PREC value was obtained for 21 cm within-row distance (17.4%). PREC values were acceptable for precision seeding in all trials.<br>O comportamento de três semeadeiras de precisão a vácuo foi investigado em um estudo de campo. A uniformidade de semeadura foi determinada para três distâncias de entrelinha: 14, 18 e 21 cm. As semeadeiras operaram nas velocidades de 1,8; 3,6; 5,4 e 7,2 km h-1. O espaçamento entre sementes sucessivas foi feito ao longo de 3 m de linha, com três repetições em cada linha. Para avaliar a uniformidade, os espaçamentos entre sementes foram analisados usando os métodos (MISS, MULT, QFI e PREC) e nos resultados não foi achada diferença entre semeadeiras. Para P < 0,001 a velocidade de operação afetou MISS e QFI e o espaçamento entre linhas afetou MULT e PREC. A melhor velocidade de operação foi de 1,8 km h-1 devido ao seu mais alto valor de QFI (88,5%). Não houve diferença entre as velocidades de 1,8 e 3,6 km h-1, mas elas foram diferentes das velocidades 5,4 e 7,2 km h-1. A melhor distância entre linhas foi de 18 cm, pois seu QFI foi maior em relação à 14 e 20 cm, 86,9%, 82,0% e 81,8%, respectivamente. O melhor PREC foi obtido para 21 cm de entrelinha (17,4) e os valores de PREC foram aceitáveis para todos experimentos

Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements